Perfect and Perfect Progressive Tenses
Гүйцэд ба гүйцэд үргэлжилж буй цагууд
This chapter explores the perfect and perfect progressive tenses across present, past, and future, focusing on their forms, uses, and time references. It emphasizes duration, completion relative to other events, contractions in spoken English, and distinctions between tenses. Building on Chapters 1 and 2, it addresses common errors and practical applications like reported speech and narratives.
Энэ бүлэгт одоо, өнгөрсөн, ирээдүйд гүйцэд ба гүйцэд үргэлжилж буй цагийг судалж, хэлбэр, хэрэглээ, цаг хугацааны лавлагааг онцлон авч үзнэ. Үргэлжлэл, бусад үйл явдалтай харьцуулах дуусгал, ярианы товчлол, цагуудын ялгааг онцолно. 1, 2-р бүлгээс үндэслэн, түгээмэл алдаа ба практик хэрэглээг (дам яриа, өгүүллэг) шийднэ.
Learning Objectives
Сургалтын зорилгууд
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
Энэ бүлгийг судалсны дараа та дараах зүйлсийг хийх боломжтой болно:
Form and use present perfect for indefinite past and ongoing actions
Тодорхойгүй өнгөрсөн ба үргэлжилж буй үйлдэлд одоо гүйцэд цагийг бүрдүүлж, хэрэглэх
Distinguish present perfect from simple past
Одоо гүйцэдийг энгийн өнгөрсөнөөс ялгах
Apply present perfect progressive for duration and recent actions
Үргэлжлэл ба саяхны үйлдэлд одоо гүйцэд үргэлжилж буйг хэрэглэх
Use past perfect for earlier past events and reported speech
Өнгөрсөнөөс өмнөх үйл явдал ба дам ярианд өнгөрсөн гүйцэдийг хэрэглэх
Recognize and produce reduced forms in spoken English
Ярианы англид багасгасан хэлбэрийг таних, гаргах
Employ past perfect progressive for ongoing before past
Өнгөрсөнөөс өмнө үргэлжилж буйд өнгөрсөн гүйцэд үргэлжилж буйг хэрэглэх
Present Perfect
Одоо гүйцэд
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
The present perfect connects past actions to the present, used for duration from past to now, unspecified past times, repeated events, or recent actions with present relevance. Formed with 'have/has + past participle'. Time expressions: since (point/clause), for (duration). Common with already, yet, just. Contrast with simple past for specific times.
Одоо гүйцэд нь өнгөрсөн үйлдлийг одоотой холбож, өнгөрсөнөөс одоо хүртэлх үргэлжлэл, тодорхойгүй өнгөрсөн цаг, давтагдсан үйл явдал, одоотой холбоотой саяхны үйлдэлд хэрэглэнэ. 'Have/has + өнгөрсөн оролцох'-оор бүрдэнэ. Цагийн илэрхийлэл: since (цэг/өгүүлбэр), for (үргэлжлэл). Already, yet, just-тай түгээмэл. Тодорхой цагт энгийн өнгөрсөнтэй харьцуулна.
Form / Бүтэц
Affirmative: Subject + have/has + past participle Negative: Subject + have/has not + past participle Question: Have/Has + subject + past participle?
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Bataar has lived in Ulaanbaatar since 2015. (duration to now)
Oyunaa has visited the Gobi three times. (repeated)
Enkh has already eaten lunch. (recent completed)
Tuya hasn't seen the new museum yet. (negative unspecified)
Has Dorj traveled to Khovsgol? (question experience)
We have known each other for years. (duration)
Sarangerel has just arrived. (very recent)
They have built a new bridge recently. (recent with relevance)
I have read that book twice. (indefinite past)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Unspecified time: no exact when
Тодорхойгүй цаг: яг хэзээ байхгүй
Ongoing from past: stative verbs common
Өнгөрсөнөөс үргэлжилж буй: байдлын үйл үг түгээмэл
Repeated: with numbers (twice, many times)
Давтагдсан: тоотой (twice, many times)
Recent: just, already, yet
Саяхан: just, already, yet
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
since [time/clause], for [duration], already, yet, just, ever, never, so far, recently, lately
[цаг/өгүүлбэр]-ээс хойш, [үргэлжлэл]-ийн турш, аль хэдийн, хараахан, саяхан, хэзээ нэгэн цагт, хэзээ ч, одоо хүртэл, сүүлийн үед, саяхан
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
❌ I have visited yesterday.
Specific time uses simple past
Тодорхой цаг энгийн өнгөрсөн хэрэглэнэ
✓ I visited yesterday.
Present perfect no specific past time
Одоо гүйцэд тодорхой өнгөрсөн цаггүй
❌ She has live here for years.
Participle 'lived'
Оролцох 'lived'
✓ She has lived here for years.
Past participle after have/has
Have/has дараа өнгөрсөн оролцох
❌ Have you ate?
Irregular 'eaten'
Дүрмийн бус 'eaten'
✓ Have you eaten?
Correct participle
Зөв оролцох
❌ I am here since 2020.
Use have been for duration
Үргэлжлэлд have been хэрэглэнэ
✓ I have been here since 2020.
Stative with perfect
Байдал гүйцэдтэй
Have and Has in Spoken English
Ярианы англид have ба has
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
In spoken English, have/has reduce: /v/ or /əv/ after consonants (I've, we've), /z/ after s (he's, she's). Contractions common informally. Listening practice for reductions. Not in formal writing.
Ярианы англид have/has багасна: гийгүүлэгч дараа /v/ эсвэл /əv/ (I've, we've), s дараа /z/ (he's, she's). Албан бус товчлол түгээмэл. Багасгалыг сонсох дадлага. Албан бичигт биш.
Form / Бүтэц
I've eaten (/aɪv/), We've seen (/wiv/), He's gone (/hiz/)
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
I've visited Mongolia (/aɪv/).
She's lived here (/ʃiz/).
We've eaten buuz (/wiv/).
He's traveled far (/hiz/).
They've just left (/ðeɪv/).
It's happened (/ɪts/).
You've seen it (/juv/).
Who's been there (/huz/).
The book's cost (/ðə bʊks/ - has)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Reductions after pronouns/nouns
Төлөөний үг/нэр үг дараа багасгал
Contractions rare formal
Албан ёсны товчлол ховор
Ear training for speech
Ярианд чихний дадлага
Has after s/z sounds /z/
S/z дуу дараа has /z/
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
Not specific; spoken feature
Тодорхой биш; ярианы онцлог
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
❌ I have eaten (full in casual speech).
Reduce to I've
I've болгон багасгана
✓ I've eaten.
Spoken reduction
Ярианы багасгал
❌ He has gone (full).
/hiz/
/hiz/
✓ He's gone.
Contraction common
Товчлол түгээмэл
❌ We have seen (no reduction).
/wiv/
/wiv/
✓ We've seen.
After we /əv/ or /v/
We дараа /əv/ эсвэл /v/
❌ The dog has run (full).
/ðə dɔɡz/
/ðə dɔɡz/
✓ The dog's run.
Has to /z/ after g
G дараа has /z/
Present Perfect vs. Simple Past
Одоо гүйцэд vs. энгийн өнгөрсөн
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Present perfect for unspecified past or ongoing to present; simple past for specific completed times. Overuse present perfect after introduction common error. Time lines show: present perfect indefinite, simple past defined. Meaning shifts with tense choice.
Одоо гүйцэд тодорхойгүй өнгөрсөн эсвэл одоо хүртэл үргэлжилж буйд; энгийн өнгөрсөн тодорхой дууссан цагт. Танилцуулгын дараа одоо гүйцэдийг хэт хэрэглэх түгээмэл алдаа. Цагийн зураг: одоо гүйцэд тодорхойгүй, энгийн өнгөрсөн тодорхой. Цагийн сонголтоор утга өөрчлөнө.
Form / Бүтэц
Present Perfect: have/has + participle (unspecified) Simple Past: past form (specific time)
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
I've been to Mongolia. (unspecified experience)
I went to Mongolia last year. (specific)
She's lived here for 10 years. (ongoing)
She lived here in 2010. (completed period)
Have you eaten? (relevance now)
Did you eat yesterday? (specific past)
We've seen that movie. (indefinite)
We saw that movie last week. (defined)
He's lost his keys again. (recent repeated)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Present perfect: no time word or indefinite
Одоо гүйцэд: цагийн үггүй эсвэл тодорхойгүй
Simple past: always specific time
Энгийн өнгөрсөн: үргэлж тодорхой цаг
Ongoing: perfect; finished: past
Үргэлжилж буй: гүйцэд; дууссан: өнгөрсөн
Timelines visualize difference
Цагийн зураг ялгааг дүрслэнэ
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
Present perfect: ever, never, already; Past: yesterday, last week
Одоо гүйцэд: ever, never, already; Өнгөрсөн: өчигдөр, өнгөрсөн долоо хоног
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
❌ I have seen him yesterday.
Specific yesterday = past
Тодорхой өчигдөр = өнгөрсөн
✓ I saw him yesterday.
Time word determines tense
Цагийн үг цагийг тодорхойлно
❌ She lived here since 2020.
Ongoing = perfect
Үргэлжилж буй = гүйцэд
✓ She has lived here since 2020.
Since for duration to now
Одоо хүртэлх үргэлжлэлд since
❌ Did you have seen it?
Question have/has + participle
Асуулт have/has + оролцох
✓ Have you seen it?
No 'did' in perfect
Гүйцэдэд 'did' байхгүй
❌ I have went there last month.
Specific + wrong participle
Тодорхой + буруу оролцох
✓ I went there last month.
Past for specific
Тодорхойд өнгөрсөн
Present Perfect Progressive
Одоо гүйцэд үргэлжилж буй
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Emphasizes duration of ongoing actions from past to present, or recent temporary activities. Formed with 'have/has been + -ing'. Time: for, since, all [period]. Distinguishes from present perfect: duration vs. completion (been reading vs. read). For activities, not states. Subtle choice based on emphasis.
Өнгөрсөнөөс одоо хүртэл үргэлжилж буй үйлдлийн үргэлжлэлийг онцолж, эсвэл саяхны түр зуурын үйлдлийг. 'Have/has been + -ing'-оор бүрдэнэ. Цаг: for, since, all [үе]. Одоо гүйцэдээс ялгана: үргэлжлэл vs. дуусгал (been reading vs. read). Үйлдэлд, байдалд биш. Онцголоос хамааран нарийн сонголт.
Form / Бүтэц
Affirmative: Subject + have/has been + verb-ing Negative: Subject + have/has not been + verb-ing Question: Have/Has + subject + been + verb-ing?
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Bataar has been training horses all day. (duration)
Oyunaa has been feeling ill lately. (recent temporary)
Enkh hasn't been sleeping well. (negative ongoing)
Has Tuya been studying? (question duration)
We have been waiting for hours. (duration)
Dorj has been traveling in Asia recently. (recent)
Sarangerel has been practicing since morning. (duration)
They have been building for months. (ongoing)
I have been reading the book for weeks. (vs. have read 100 pages)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Duration emphasis: how long
Үргэлжлэлийг онцол: хэр удаан
Recent: temporary feel
Саяхан: түр зуурын мэдрэмж
Activities only; states perfect
Зөвхөн үйлдэл; байдал гүйцэд
Interchangeable sometimes; nuance differs
Заримдаа сольж болно; нарийн ялгаатай
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
for [duration], since [time], all day/week, lately, recently
[үргэлжлэл]-ийн турш, [цаг]-аас хойш, бүтэн өдөр/долоо хоног, сүүлийн үед, саяхан
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
❌ I have been knowing him for years.
State: perfect
Байдал: гүйцэд
✓ I have known him for years.
No progressive for states
Байдалд үргэлжилж буй байхгүй
❌ She has been live here.
-ing 'living'
-ing 'living'
✓ She has been living here.
Been + -ing
Been + -ing
❌ Have you been ate?
Eating
Eating
✓ Have you been eating?
Progressive form
Үргэлжилж буй хэлбэр
❌ I have read the book all week.
Duration: progressive
Үргэлжлэл: үргэлжилж буй
✓ I have been reading the book all week.
Emphasis on ongoing
Үргэлжилж буйг онцол
Past Perfect
Өнгөрсөн гүйцэд
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Expresses actions completed before another past event. Formed with 'had + past participle'. Used with before/after, by the time, reported speech, narratives. More formal/written; sometimes simple past informally. Requires two past times.
Өөр өнгөрсөн үйл явдлаас өмнө дууссан үйлдлийг илэрхийлнэ. 'Had + өнгөрсөн оролцох'-оор бүрдэнэ. Before/after, by the time, дам яриа, өгүүллэгтэй хэрэглэнэ. Илүү албан/бичиг; албан бусаар заримдаа энгийн өнгөрсөн. Хоёр өнгөрсөн цаг шаардана.
Form / Бүтэц
Affirmative: Subject + had + past participle Negative: Subject + had not + past participle Question: Had + subject + past participle?
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Bataar had finished training before the competition. (before past)
Oyunaa had left by the time we arrived. (by the time)
Enkh said he had seen the steppe. (reported speech)
Tuya hadn't eaten when we called. (negative)
Had Dorj traveled before? (question)
We had known the area already. (prior experience)
Sarangerel had practiced for weeks. (narrative)
They had built the ger before winter. (sequence)
I had read the history book earlier. (before past)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Two past events: earlier with perfect
Хоёр өнгөрсөн үйл явдал: өмнөхийг гүйцэдээр
Optional with before/after (clear sequence)
Before/after-тай сонголттой (тодорхой дараалал)
Common in writing; spoken simple past
Бичгээр түгээмэл; ярианд энгийн өнгөрсөн
Misconception: not for 'long ago'
Буруу ойлголт: 'урт өмнө'-д биш
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
by the time [past], before [past], after [past], already
[өнгөрсөн] цаг гэхэд, [өнгөрсөн]-өөс өмнө, [өнгөрсөн]-ын дараа, аль хэдийн
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
❌ I ate before I left.
Earlier: perfect
Өмнө: гүйцэд
✓ I had eaten before I left.
Sequence emphasis
Дарааллыг онцол
❌ Had you see it?
'Seen'
'Seen'
✓ Had you seen it?
Participle
Оролцох
❌ She had live there long ago.
'Lived'; no need for long ago
'Lived'; long ago шаардлагагүй
✓ She lived there long ago.
Simple for distant past
Алсын өнгөрсөнд энгийн
❌ By the time we arrive, he left.
Past perfect
Өнгөрсөн гүйцэд
✓ By the time we arrived, he had left.
Tense agreement
Цагийн тохирол
Had in Spoken English
Ярианы англид had
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
In spoken past perfect, 'had' reduces to /d/ as auxiliary (she'd left). Not reduced as main verb (she had lunch). Distinguish from 'would' (/d/ same, but form differs: participle vs. base). Ear training for context.
Ярианы өнгөрсөн гүйцэдэд 'had' туслах бол /d/ болгон багасна (she'd left). Үндсэн үйл үг бол багасгахгүй (she had lunch). 'Would'-аас ялга ( /d/ адил, гэхдээ хэлбэр өөр: оролцох vs. үндсэн). Нөхцөлөөр чихний дадлага.
Form / Бүтэц
She'd eaten (/ʃid/), I'd seen (/aɪd/), We'd gone (/wid/)
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
She'd visited before (/ʃid/).
I'd forgotten (/aɪd/).
He'd left early (/hid/).
They'd arrived (/ðeɪd/).
You'd seen it (/jud/).
We'd eaten (/wid/).
The team'd won (/ðə timd/).
Who'd been there (/hud/).
It'd happened (/ɪtd/)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Reduce auxiliary 'had' to /d/
Туслах 'had'-г /d/ болгоно
Full 'had' main verb
Үндсэн үйл үг бүрэн 'had'
'd = had or would; check form
'd = had эсвэл would; хэлбэрийг шалгана
Spoken informal
Албан бус яриа
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
Not specific; spoken
Тодорхой биш; яриа
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
❌ She had left (full in speech).
Reduce to she'd
She'd болгон багасгана
✓ She'd left.
Spoken auxiliary reduction
Ярианы туслах багасгал
❌ I'd eat (would form).
Had + participle
Had + оролцох
✓ I'd eaten.
Distinguish had/would
Had/would-г ялгана
❌ The dog'd run (full).
/ðə dɔɡd/
/ðə dɔɡd/
✓ The dog'd run.
Reduce after noun
Нэр үг дараа багасгана
❌ He would left (wrong form).
Would + base
Would + үндсэн
✓ He would leave.
Form distinguishes
Хэлбэр ялгана
Past Perfect Progressive
Өнгөрсөн гүйцэд үргэлжилж буй
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Emphasizes ongoing action before another past event, focusing on duration rather than completion. Formed with 'had been + -ing'. Less common; often past perfect for completion. Used in narratives for background duration.
Өөр өнгөрсөн үйл явдлаас өмнө үргэлжилж буй үйлдлийг онцолж, дуусгалаас илүү үргэлжлэлийг. 'Had been + -ing'-оор бүрдэнэ. Бага түгээмэл; дуусгалд өнгөрсөн гүйцэд ихэвчлэн. Өгүүллэгт арын үргэлжлэлд хэрэглэнэ.
Form / Бүтэц
Affirmative: Subject + had been + verb-ing Negative: Subject + had not been + verb-ing Question: Had + subject + been + verb-ing?
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Bataar had been riding for hours before resting. (duration before)
Oyunaa had been waiting when we arrived. (ongoing before)
Enkh hadn't been feeling well. (negative)
Had Tuya been studying long? (question)
We had been traveling all day. (duration)
Dorj had been working before the break. (before past)
Sarangerel had been practicing archery. (narrative)
They had been hiking for days. (emphasis duration)
I had been reading until late. (before implied)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Duration before past: how long
Өнгөрсөнөөс өмнө үргэлжлэл: хэр удаан
Activities; not states
Үйлдэл; байдал биш
Interchangeable with past perfect sometimes
Заримдаа өнгөрсөн гүйцэдтэй сольж болно
Rare spoken; more written
Ярианд ховор; бичгээр илүү
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
for [duration] when [past], all [period] before [past]
[үргэлжлэл]-ийн турш [өнгөрсөн] үед, бүх [үе] [өнгөрсөн]-өөс өмнө
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
❌ I had been know him before.
State: perfect
Байдал: гүйцэд
✓ I had known him before.
No progressive states
Байдал үргэлжилж буй байхгүй
❌ Had been eat.
-ing 'eating'
-ing 'eating'
✓ Had been eating.
Been + -ing
Been + -ing
❌ She had waited for hours (completion).
Duration: progressive
Үргэлжлэл: үргэлжилж буй
✓ She had been waiting for hours.
Emphasis ongoing
Үргэлжилж буйг онцол
❌ By the time, he had been arrive.
Arriving
Arriving
✓ By the time, he had been arriving. (but rare; use perfect)
Contextual choice
Нөхцөл сонголт
Key Terminology
Үндсэн нэр томьёо
Perfect Aspect
Гүйцэд талбар
Tense showing completion relative to another time
Өөр цагтай харьцуулах дуусгалыг харуулах цаг
Have eaten (perfect)
Past Participle
Өнгөрсөн оролцох
Verb form for perfect (eaten, gone)
Гүйцэдэд үйл үгийн хэлбэр (eaten, gone)
Has gone
Reduction
Багасгал
Shortened spoken forms (/v/, /d/)
Ярианы богиносгосон хэлбэр (/v/, /d/)
I've (/aɪv/)
Reported Speech
Дам яриа
Indirect quoting; tense backshift
Шууд бус ишлэл; цагийн ухралт
Said he had seen
Time Clause
Цагийн өгүүлбэр
Dependent clause with time word
Цагийн үгтэй хамааралтай өгүүлбэр
Before I left
Key Points to Remember
Санах ёстой гол санамж
These are the most important concepts from this chapter:
Энэ бүлгийн хамгийн чухал ойлголтууд:
Perfect: completion before time; progressive perfect: duration before
Гүйцэд: цаг өмнө дуусгал; гүйцэд үргэлжилж буй: өмнө үргэлжлэл
Present perfect vs. past: unspecified vs. specific
Одоо гүйцэд vs. өнгөрсөн: тодорхойгүй vs. тодорхой
Reductions for spoken fluency
Ярианы чөлөөтэйд багасгал
Past perfect for sequences; progressive for ongoing
Дараалалд өнгөрсөн гүйцэд; үргэлжилж буйд үргэлжилж буй
Activities progressive; states perfect
Үйлдэл үргэлжилж буй; байдал гүйцэд
Timelines and contexts for choice
Сонголтод цагийн зураг ба нөхцөл
💡 Review these points regularly to master this chapter!
Энэ бүлгийг эзэмшихийн тулд эдгээр санамжийг байнга давтаарай!
Chapter Summary
Бүлгийн дүгнэлт
Chapter 3 detailed perfect and perfect progressive tenses, covering present perfect for connections to now, contrasts with simple past, progressive for duration, past perfect for prior past, reductions in speech, and past perfect progressive for pre-past ongoing. This enhances understanding of time relations, preparing for future tenses in Chapter 4.
Бүлэг 3-д гүйцэд ба гүйцэд үргэлжилж буй цагийг нарийвчилж, одоо гүйцэдийг одоотой холбоход, энгийн өнгөрсөнтэй харьцуулалтад, үргэлжилж буйг үргэлжлэлд, өнгөрсөн гүйцэдийг өмнө өнгөрсөнд, ярианы багасгалд, өнгөрсөн гүйцэд үргэлжилж буйг өмнө үргэлжилж буйд. Энэ нь цаг хугацааны харилцааг гүнзгийрүүлж, 4-р бүлгийн ирээдүй цагт бэлтгэнэ.
Congratulations on Completing This Chapter!
Та энэ бүлгийг дуусгасандаа баяр хүргэе!
Continue practicing what you learned and move on to the next chapter when you're ready.
Сурсан зүйлээ үргэлжлүүлэн дадлагажуулаад бэлэн болсон үедээ дараагийн бүлэг рүү шилжээрэй.
Chapter 3 of 20
Бүлэг 3 / 20
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