Gerunds and Infinitives, Part 2
Герунд ба инфинитив, 2-р хэсэг
This chapter advances the study of gerunds and infinitives, covering purpose infinitives, adjectives with infinitives, 'too' and 'enough' structures, passive forms, special uses with 'need', perception verbs, simple forms after 'let' and 'help', and causative verbs 'make', 'have', 'get'. It emphasizes meaning nuances, passive constructions, and causative differences, with examples, lists, and errors to refine usage in complex expressions.
Энэ бүлэг герунд ба инфинитивын судалгааг дэвшүүлж, зорилгын инфинитив, адилтгахтай инфинитив, 'too' ба 'enough' бүтэц, идэвхгүй хэлбэр, 'need'-тай тусгай хэрэглээ, мэдрэхүйн үйл үг, 'let' ба 'help' дараа энгийн хэлбэр, 'make', 'have', 'get' үйлдүүлэх үйл үгийг хамрана. Утгын нарийн ялгаа, идэвхгүй бүрдэлт, үйлдүүлэх ялгааг онцолж, нарийн илэрхийлэлд хэрэглээг боловсруулах жишээ, жагсаалт, алдаатай.
Learning Objectives
Сургалтын зорилгууд
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
Энэ бүлгийг судалсны дараа та дараах зүйлсийг хийх боломжтой болно:
Use infinitives of purpose with 'in order to' and 'to'
'In order to' ба 'to'-той зорилгын инфинитив хэрэглэх
Form structures with adjectives followed by infinitives
Адилтгах дагасан инфинитив бүтэц бүрдүүлэх
Apply infinitives with 'too' and 'enough' for degrees
Зэрэгт 'too' ба 'enough'-тай инфинитив хэрэглэх
Create passive gerunds and infinitives
Идэвхгүй герунд ба инфинитив бүтээх
Use gerunds or passive infinitives after 'need'
'Need' дараа герунд эсвэл идэвхгүй инфинитив хэрэглэх
Employ verbs of perception with base or -ing forms
Мэдрэхүйн үйл үгтэй үндсэн эсвэл -ing хэлбэр хэрэглэх
Form sentences with simple form after 'let' and 'help'
'Let' ба 'help' дараа энгийн хэлбэртэй өгүүлбэр бүрдүүлэх
Distinguish causative verbs 'make', 'have', 'get' in active/passive
Идэвхтэй/идэвхгүйд 'make', 'have', 'get' үйлдүүлэх үйлийг ялгах
Infinitive of Purpose: In Order To
Зорилгын инфинитив: In Order To
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
In order to + infinitive expresses purpose (why). Shorten to 'to' informal. Negative in order not to. Answers why.
In order to + инфинитив зорилгыг илэрхийлнэ (яагаад). Албан бусаар 'to' богиносгоно. Үгүйсгэл in order not to. Why-д хариулна.
Form / Бүтэц
(In order) (not) to + base
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
In order to ride (purpose)
To see the festival (short)
In order not to fall (negative)
Go to the steppe to ride
Study in order to learn
Eat to live (purpose)
Travel in order to explore
Work to earn (short)
In order not to miss the train
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Purpose = why
Зорилго = яагаад
To common spoken
To ярианд түгээмэл
Negative not to
Үгүйсгэл not to
Vs for (noun)
Vs for (нэр)
After verb/adjective
Үйл/адилтгах дараа
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
to arrive on time
to arrive on time
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
In order for to ride.
No for
For bayhgui
✓ In order to ride.
No for before to
To өмнө for bayhgui
To riding.
To ride
To ride
✓ To ride.
Base after to
To дараа үндсэн
In order not riding.
Not to ride
Not to ride
✓ In order not to ride.
Not to + base
Not to + үндсэн
Good for ride.
For riding/to ride
For riding/to ride
✓ Good for riding.
Purpose to, function for + gerund
Зорилго to, үүрэг for + герунд
He came for see the festival.
To see
To see
✓ He came to see the festival.
Purpose to
Зорилго to
Adjectives Followed by Infinitives
Адилтгах дагасан инфинитив
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Adjective + infinitive (happy to help). (For + object) optional (easy for me to do). Common adjectives: afraid, amazed, anxious, ashamed, careful, certain, content, delighted, determined, eager, fortunate, glad, happy, hesitant, likely, lucky, pleased, proud, ready, reluctant, sad, shocked, sorry, surprised, upset, willing.
Адилтгах + инфинитив (happy to help). (For + тусагдахуун) сонголттой (easy for me to do). Түгээмэл адилтгах: afraid, amazed, anxious, ashamed, careful, certain, content, delighted, determined, eager, fortunate, glad, happy, hesitant, likely, lucky, pleased, proud, ready, reluctant, sad, shocked, sorry, surprised, upset, willing.
Form / Бүтэц
Adjective + (for obj) + infinitive
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Happy to help
Easy to ride
Afraid to fly
Eager to learn
Ready to go
Proud to win
Sorry to hear
Lucky to survive
Hesitant to ask
Easy for him to do
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Emotions/reactions + infinitive
Сэтгэл/хариу + инфинитив
For + object before infinitive
Инфинитив өмнө for + тусагдахуун
List memorize
Жагсаалт цээжилнэ
Passive it + adj + infinitive
Идэвхгүй it + адилтгах + инфинитив
Negative not infinitive
Үгүйсгэл not инфинитив
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
ready to go now
ready to go одоо
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Happy help.
To help
To help
✓ Happy to help.
Infinitive after adj
Адилтгах дараа инфинитив
Easy for ride.
To ride
To ride
✓ Easy to ride.
To infinitive
To инфинитив
Afraid flying.
To fly/of flying
To fly/of flying
✓ Afraid to fly.
Adj + infinitive
Адилтгах + инфинитив
Eager learn.
To learn
To learn
✓ Eager to learn.
List adj infinitive
Жагсаалт адилтгах инфинитив
Ready not to go.
Not to go
Not to go
✓ Ready not to go.
Not before to
Not to өмнө
Using Infinitives with Too and Enough
Too ба Enough-тай инфинитив хэрэглэх
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Too + adj/adv + (for obj) + infinitive (too hard to do). Enough + adj/adv + (for obj) + infinitive (strong enough to lift). Too excess negative, enough sufficient positive.
Too + адилтгах/дайвар + (for obj) + инфинитив (too hard to do). Enough + адилтгах/дайвар + (for obj) + инфинитив (strong enough to lift). Too хэт сөрөг, enough хангалттай эерэг.
Form / Бүтэц
Too/enough + adj/adv + infinitive
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Too hot to eat (excess)
Enough water to drink (sufficient)
Too heavy to lift (negative)
Strong enough to carry (positive)
Too far to walk (excess)
Close enough to see (sufficient)
Too difficult for him to solve
Easy enough for her to do
Too tired to continue
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Too = not possible
Too = боломжгүй
Enough = possible
Enough = боломжтой
For + obj optional
For + obj сонголттой
Adj/adv before infinitive
Адилтгах/дайвар инфинитив өмнө
Negative too not, enough not
Сөрөг too not, enough not
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
too late to start
too late to start
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Too hot eat.
To eat
To eat
✓ Too hot to eat.
Infinitive
Инфинитив
Enough strong to lift.
Strong enough
Strong enough
✓ Strong enough to lift.
Adj enough
Адилтгах enough
Too heavy for lift.
To lift
To lift
✓ Too heavy to lift.
No for if no obj
Obj байхгүй бол for bayhgui
Easy to enough do.
Easy enough to do
Easy enough to do
✓ Easy enough to do.
Enough after adj
Enough адилтгах дараа
Not enough hot to melt.
Hot enough
Hot enough
✓ Not hot enough to melt.
Negative before adj
Үгүйсгэл адилтгах өмнө
Passive Infinitives and Gerunds
Идэвхгүй инфинитив ба герунд
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Passive infinitive to be + pp (to be helped), gerund being + pp (being helped). Use after certain verbs (want to be seen, enjoy being praised).
Идэвхгүй инфинитив to be + pp (to be helped), герунд being + pp (being helped). Зарим үйл дараа хэрэглэнэ (want to be seen, enjoy being praised).
Form / Бүтэц
To be/being + pp
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
To be helped (infinitive)
Being praised (gerund)
Want to be seen
Like being told
Need to be fixed
Avoid being caught
Prefer to be invited
Hate being ignored
Expect to be rewarded
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Passive meaning
Идэвхгүй утга
Verb list determine gerund/infinitive
Үйл жагсаалт герунд/инфинитив тодорхойлно
Tense in passive
Идэвхгүйд цаг
Common emotions verbs
Сэтгэл үйл түгээмэл
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
N/A
Х/А
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
To help (passive).
To be helped
To be helped
✓ To be helped.
Passive to be
Идэвхгүй to be
Being help.
Helped
Helped
✓ Being helped.
Being + pp
Being + pp
Want be seen.
To be seen
To be seen
✓ Want to be seen.
Infinitive to
Инфинитив to
Enjoy be praised.
Being praised
Being praised
✓ Enjoy being praised.
Gerund being
Герунд being
Using Gerunds or Passive Infinitives Following Need
Need дараа герунд эсвэл идэвхгүй инфинитив хэрэглэх
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Need + gerund/passive infinitive impersonal (the horse needs feeding/to be fed). Same meaning. Active need + infinitive personal (I need to feed).
Need + герунд/идэвхгүй инфинитив хувийн бус (the horse needs feeding/to be fed). Адил утга. Идэвхтэй need + инфинитив хувийн (I need to feed).
Form / Бүтэц
Need + gerund/to be + pp
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Needs feeding (gerund)
Needs to be fed (infinitive)
The ger needs repairing/to be repaired
The horse needs shoeing/to be shod
The food needs cooking/to be cooked
The book needs reading/to be read
The child needs bathing/to be bathed
The eagle needs training/to be trained
The festival needs planning/to be planned
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Impersonal thing needs action
Хувийн бус зүйл үйлдэл шаардана
Interchangeable
Сольж болно
Personal I need to do
Хувийн I need to do
Common things/objects
Зүйл/тусагдахуун түгээмэл
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
N/A
Х/А
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Needs feed.
Feeding/to be fed
Feeding/to be fed
✓ Needs feeding.
Gerund/infinitive
Герунд/инфинитив
The horse need to feed.
Needs feeding
Needs feeding
✓ The horse needs feeding.
Passive form
Идэвхгүй хэлбэр
I need feeding the horse.
To feed
To feed
✓ I need to feed the horse.
Personal active
Хувийн идэвхтэй
The ger needs repair.
Repairing/to be repaired
Repairing/to be repaired
✓ The ger needs repairing.
Form after need
Need дараа хэлбэр
Using Verbs of Perception
Мэдрэхүйн үйл үгийг хэрэглэх
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Perception verbs (see, hear, feel, notice, watch, observe, smell, taste, listen to, look at) + base complete action, + -ing ongoing (saw him leave vs seeing him leaving). Base whole, -ing part.
Мэдрэхүйн үйл үг (see, hear, feel, notice, watch, observe, smell, taste, listen to, look at) + үндсэн дууссан үйлдэл, + -ing үргэлжилж буй (saw him leave vs seeing him leaving). Үндсэн бүхэл, -ing хэсэг.
Form / Бүтэц
Verb + object + base/-ing
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
See him leave (complete)
See him leaving (ongoing)
Hear the music play (whole)
Hear the music playing (part)
Feel the wind blow (complete)
Feel the wind blowing (ongoing)
Watch the eagle fly (whole)
Watch the eagle flying (part)
Notice her arrive (complete)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Base = see whole
Үндсэн = бүхлийг харна
-ing = see part
-ing = хэсгийг харна
Passive possible
Идэвхгүй боломжтой
List memorize
Жагсаалт цээжилнэ
Context duration
Нөхцөлийн үргэлжлэл
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
saw him leave yesterday
saw him leave өчигдөр
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
See him to leave.
Leave/leaving
Leave/leaving
✓ See him leave.
Base or -ing
Үндсэн эсвэл -ing
Hear the music to play.
Play/playing
Play/playing
✓ Hear the music play.
No to
To bayhgui
Feel the wind blows.
Blow/blowing
Blow/blowing
✓ Feel the wind blow.
Base no -s
Үндсэн -s bayhgui
Watch the eagle flies.
Fly/flying
Fly/flying
✓ Watch the eagle fly.
Base form
Үндсэн хэлбэр
Notice her to arrive.
Arrive/arriving
Arrive/arriving
✓ Notice her arrive.
Perception base/-ing
Мэдрэхүй үндсэн/-ing
Using the Simple Form After Let and Help
Let ба Help дараа энгийн хэлбэрийг хэрэглэх
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Let + object + base (let him go). Help + object + base/to + base (help her study/to study). Let permission, help assistance. No to after let.
Let + тусагдахуун + үндсэн (let him go). Help + тусагдахуун + үндсэн/to + үндсэн (help her study/to study). Let зөвшөөрөл, help тусламж. Let дараа to bayhgui.
Form / Бүтэц
Let/help + obj + base (help to optional)
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Let him ride (permission)
Help her study (assistance)
Let the child play (let base)
Help me to carry (to optional)
Let us go (let's)
Help them understand (help)
Let it rain (expression)
Help him fix (base)
Don't let it break (negative)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Let no to
Let to bayhgui
Help to optional
Help to сонголттой
Passive let be + pp
Идэвхгүй let be + pp
Let = allow
Let = зөвшөөрөх
Informal lemme (let me)
Албан бус lemme (let me)
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
N/A
Х/А
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Let him to ride.
Ride
Ride
✓ Let him ride.
No to let
Let to bayhgui
Help her studying.
Study/to study
Study/to study
✓ Help her study.
Base after help
Help дараа үндсэн
Let the child plays.
Play
Play
✓ Let the child play.
Base no -s
Үндсэн -s bayhgui
Help them to understands.
Understand
Understand
✓ Help them to understand.
Base form
Үндсэн хэлбэр
Using Causative Verbs: Make, Have, Get
Үйлдүүлэх үйл үг хэрэглэх: Make, Have, Get
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Make + obj + base force (make him go). Have + obj + base cause/service (have him fix). Get + obj + infinitive persuade (get him to go). Passive get/have + pp (get fixed).
Make + тусагдахуун + үндсэн албадах (make him go). Have + тусагдахуун + үндсэн шалтгаан/үйлчилгээ (have him fix). Get + тусагдахуун + инфинитив итгүүлэх (get him to go). Идэвхгүй get/have + pp (get fixed).
Form / Бүтэц
Make/have + obj + base; Get + obj + to + base
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Make him go (force)
Have her fix (cause)
Get them to help (persuade)
Make the child eat (force)
Have the horse shod (service)
Get the book fixed (persuade)
Made me laugh (forced)
Had it repaired (caused)
Got him to agree (persuaded)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Make force, no to
Make албадах, to bayhgui
Have cause, no to
Have шалтгаан, to bayhgui
Get persuade, to infinitive
Get итгүүлэх, to инфинитив
Passive get/have + pp
Идэвхгүй get/have + pp
Context degree force
Нөхцөлийн зэрэг албадах
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
N/A
Х/А
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Make him to go.
Go
Go
✓ Make him go.
No to make
Make to bayhgui
Have her to fix.
Fix
Fix
✓ Have her fix.
No to have
Have to bayhgui
Get them help.
To help
To help
✓ Get them to help.
To after get
Get дараа to
Made me to laugh.
Laugh
Laugh
✓ Made me laugh.
Base after make
Make дараа үндсэн
Got fixed the book.
Got the book fixed
Got the book fixed
✓ Got the book fixed.
Obj + infinitive/pp
Тусагдахуун + инфинитив/pp
Key Terminology
Үндсэн нэр томьёо
Purpose Infinitive
Зорилгын инфинитив
To express reason why
Яагаад гэх шалтгааныг илэрхийлэх
To help
Causative Verb
Үйлдүүлэх үйл
Cause action by another
Өөрөөр үйлдэл үүсгэх
Make do
Perception Verb
Мэдрэхүйн үйл
Sense verbs + base/-ing
Мэдрэхүй + үндсэн/-ing
See do/doing
Passive Gerund/Infinitive
Идэвхгүй герунд/инфинитив
Being/to be + pp
Being/to be + pp
To be helped
Key Points to Remember
Санах ёстой гол санамж
These are the most important concepts from this chapter:
Энэ бүлгийн хамгийн чухал ойлголтууд:
Express purpose with infinitives
Инфинитивээр зорилго илэрхийлэх
Use adj + infinitive structures
Адилтгах + инфинитив бүтцийг хэрэглэх
Apply too/enough with infinitives
Too/enough-тай инфинитив хэрэглэх
Form passive gerunds/infinitives
Идэвхгүй герунд/инфинитив бүрдүүлэх
Handle need + gerund/infinitive
Need + герунд/инфинитив шийдэх
Distinguish perception base vs -ing
Мэдрэхүй үндсэн vs -ing ялгах
Use let/help + base
Let/help + үндсэн хэрэглэх
Apply causative make/have/get
Үйлдүүлэх make/have/get хэрэглэх
💡 Review these points regularly to master this chapter!
Энэ бүлгийг эзэмшихийн тулд эдгээр санамжийг байнга давтаарай!
Chapter Summary
Бүлгийн дүгнэлт
Chapter 15, Part 2, advanced gerunds/infinitives with purpose, adjectives, too/enough, passives, need, perception, let/help, causatives. You learned nuanced structures for complex expressions, completing the topic.
Бүлэг 15, 2-р хэсэг, зорилго, адилтгах, too/enough, идэвхгүй, need, мэдрэхүй, let/help, үйлдүүлэхээр герунд/инфинитивыг дэвшүүлэв. Нарийн бүтцээр төвөгтэй илэрхийлэлийг сурч, сэдвийг дуусгалаа.
Congratulations on Completing This Chapter!
Та энэ бүлгийг дуусгасандаа баяр хүргэе!
Continue practicing what you learned and move on to the next chapter when you're ready.
Сурсан зүйлээ үргэлжлүүлэн дадлагажуулаад бэлэн болсон үедээ дараагийн бүлэг рүү шилжээрэй.
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