Gerunds and Infinitives, Part 1
Герунд ба инфинитив, 1-р хэсэг
This chapter introduces gerunds and infinitives as verb complements, covering gerunds as preposition objects, common verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives, special expressions, 'go + gerund', subject uses, and reference lists. It distinguishes meanings when verbs allow both forms and provides guidelines for choices, with examples and errors to build accurate usage in sentences.
Энэ бүлэг үйл үгийн нөхөхийг герунд ба инфинитивээр танилцуулж, угтварын тусагдахуун шиг герунд, герунд эсвэл инфинитив дагасан түгээмэл үйл үг, тусгай илэрхийллэг, 'go + герунд', өгүүлэхүүн хэрэглээ, лавлах жагсаалтыг хамрана. Үйл үг хоёуланг зөвшөөрөх үед утгыг ялгаж, сонголтын заавар өгч, өгүүлбэрт зөв хэрэглээ бүрдүүлэх жишээ ба алдаатай.
Learning Objectives
Сургалтын зорилгууд
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
Энэ бүлгийг судалсны дараа та дараах зүйлсийг хийх боломжтой болно:
Understand gerunds as -ing verb forms functioning as nouns
Нэр шиг үүрэгтэй -ing үйл үгийн хэлбэр герундыг ойлгох
Use gerunds correctly as objects of prepositions
Угтварын тусагдахуунд герундыг зөв хэрэглэх
Identify and apply common verbs followed by gerunds
Герунд дагасан түгээмэл үйл үгийг таних, хэрэглэх
Form structures with 'go + gerund' for activities
Үйл ажиллагаанд 'go + герунд' бүтцийг бүрдүүлэх
Recognize special expressions followed by -ing
-ing дагасан тусгай илэрхийлэлийг таних
Use common verbs followed by infinitives
Инфинитив дагасан түгээмэл үйл үгийг хэрэглэх
Distinguish verbs allowing gerunds or infinitives with meaning changes
Герунд эсвэл инфинитив зөвшөөрөх, утга өөрчлөх үйл үгийг ялгах
Employ 'it + infinitive' and gerunds/infinitives as subjects
'It + инфинитив', өгүүлэхүүн шиг герунд/инфинитив хэрэглэх
Refer to lists of verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives
Герунд эсвэл инфинитив дагасан үйл үгийн жагсаалтыг лавлах
Gerunds: Introduction
Герунд: Танилцуулга
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Gerunds are -ing forms of verbs used as nouns, functioning as subjects, objects, or complements. They express general actions or states. Form: verb + -ing (swimming is fun). Spelling rules apply (stop → stopping). Distinguish from present participles in progressives (is swimming).
Герунд нь үйл үгийн -ing хэлбэр нэр шиг хэрэглэгдэж, өгүүлэхүүн, тусагдахуун, нөхөх үүрэгтэй. Ерөнхий үйлдэл эсвэл байдлыг илэрхийлнэ. Хэлбэр: үйл + -ing (swimming is fun). Бичгийн дүрэм хамаарна (stop → stopping). Үргэлжилж буй одоо оролцохоос (is swimming) ялгана.
Form / Бүтэц
Verb base + -ing
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Swimming is exercise (subject)
I enjoy reading (object)
His hobby is riding (complement)
Eating healthy is important (subject)
She likes dancing (object)
The best part is traveling (complement)
Running builds stamina (subject)
He quit smoking (object)
My dream is flying (complement)
Writing helps thinking (subject)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Noun positions
Нэрийн байр
General timeless
Ерөнхий цаггүй
Spelling as 1-6
1-6 шиг бичгийн
Vs participle: gerund noun
Vs оролцох: герунд нэр
Negative not + gerund
Үгүйсгэл not + герунд
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
General actions
Ерөнхий үйлдэл
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Swim is fun.
Swimming
Swimming
✓ Swimming is fun.
-ing gerund
-ing герунд
I enjoy to read.
Reading
Reading
✓ I enjoy reading.
Gerund object
Герунд тусагдахуун
Stoping is hard.
Stopping
Stopping
✓ Stopping is hard.
Double consonant
Давхар гийгүүлэгч
His hobby is ride.
Riding
Riding
✓ His hobby is riding.
Gerund complement
Герунд нөхөх
I am interesting in reading.
Interested
Interested
✓ I am interested in reading.
Adjective vs gerund
Адилтгах vs герунд
Using Gerunds as the Objects of Prepositions
Угтварын тусагдахуун шиг герундыг хэрэглэх
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Preposition + gerund (object). Common preps: about, at, by, for, from, in, of, on, to, with. Verb + prep + gerund (look forward to seeing). Phrasal verbs too (give up smoking).
Угтвар + герунд (тусагдахуун). Түгээмэл угтвар: about, at, by, for, from, in, of, on, to, with. Үйл + угтвар + герунд (look forward to seeing). Хэллэг үйл ч (give up smoking).
Form / Бүтэц
Prep + gerund (-ing)
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Dream about traveling
Good at riding
By working hard
Thank for helping
Prevent from leaving
Interested in history
Afraid of eagles
Depend on weather
Look forward to meeting
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Always gerund after prep
Угтвар дараа үргэлж герунд
No infinitive after prep
Угтвар дараа инфинитив bayhgui
Memorize verb + prep
Үйл + угтвар цээжилнэ
Be + adj + prep + gerund
Be + адилтгах + угтвар + герунд
Negative not + gerund
Үгүйсгэл not + герунд
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
after eating, before leaving
after eating, before leaving
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Interested in read.
Reading
Reading
✓ Interested in reading.
Gerund object
Герунд тусагдахуун
Look forward to see.
Seeing
Seeing
✓ Look forward to seeing.
To prep gerund
To угтвар герунд
By work hard.
Working
Working
✓ By working hard.
By + gerund
By + герунд
Afraid of fly.
Flying
Flying
✓ Afraid of flying.
Adj + prep + gerund
Адилтгах + угтвар + герунд
Prevent from leave.
Leaving
Leaving
✓ Prevent from leaving.
From + gerund
From + герунд
Common Verbs Followed by Gerunds
Герунд дагасан түгээмэл үйл үгс
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Verbs like enjoy, quit, avoid + gerund. No infinitive. List: admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, deny, discuss, enjoy, finish, imagine, mention, miss, postpone, practice, quit, recall, recommend, regret, resist, stop, suggest, understand.
Enjoy, quit, avoid зэрэг үйл + герунд. Инфинитив bayhgui. Жагсаалт: admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, deny, discuss, enjoy, finish, imagine, mention, miss, postpone, practice, quit, recall, recommend, regret, resist, stop, suggest, understand.
Form / Бүтэц
Verb + gerund
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Enjoy riding
Quit smoking
Avoid falling
Consider traveling
Deny stealing
Discuss moving
Finish eating
Imagine flying
Mention visiting
Miss playing
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Memorize list
Жагсаалт цээжилнэ
Gerund noun-like
Герунд нэр шиг
Negative not gerund
Үгүйсгэл not герунд
Practice sentences
Өгүүлбэр дадлага
Vs infinitive verbs
Vs инфинитив үйл
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
after finishing
after finishing
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Enjoy to ride.
Riding
Riding
✓ Enjoy riding.
Gerund after enjoy
Enjoy дараа герунд
Quit to smoke.
Smoking
Smoking
✓ Quit smoking.
Gerund object
Герунд тусагдахуун
Avoid fall.
Falling
Falling
✓ Avoid falling.
-ing form
-ing хэлбэр
Consider travel.
Traveling
Traveling
✓ Consider traveling.
After consider gerund
Consider дараа герунд
Deny to steal.
Stealing
Stealing
✓ Deny stealing.
List verb gerund
Жагсаалт үйл герунд
Go + Gerund
Go + герунд
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Go + gerund recreational activities (go riding). Common: camping, fishing, hiking, hunting, running, shopping, sightseeing, skating, swimming, walking.
Go + герунд амралтын үйл ажиллагаа (go riding). Түгээмэл: camping, fishing, hiking, hunting, running, shopping, sightseeing, skating, swimming, walking.
Form / Бүтэц
Go + gerund
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Go riding (horses)
Go camping (tent)
Go fishing (river)
Go hiking (mountain)
Go hunting (eagle)
Go running (steppe)
Go shopping (market)
Go sightseeing (temple)
Go skating (ice)
Go swimming (lake)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Leisure activities
Амралтын үйл ажиллагаа
Present/past/future
Одоо/өнгөрсөн/ирээдүй
Idiomatic
Илэрхийллийн
No infinitive
Инфинитив bayhgui
Common outdoor
Гадаа түгээмэл
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
go camping tomorrow
go camping маргааш
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Go ride.
Riding
Riding
✓ Go riding.
Gerund
Герунд
Go to camping.
Go camping
Go camping
✓ Go camping.
No to
To bayhgui
Went fish.
Fishing
Fishing
✓ Went fishing.
-ing
-ing
Go to hike.
Go hiking
Go hiking
✓ Go hiking.
Structure go + gerund
Бүтэц go + герунд
Will go swim.
Swimming
Swimming
✓ Will go swimming.
Gerund after go
Go дараа герунд
Special Expressions Followed by -ing
-ing дагасан тусгай илэрхийллэг
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Expressions + -ing: have fun/a good time (have fun riding), spend/waste time (spend time studying), sit/stand/lie (sit reading), find/catch (find him sleeping). Like preposition + gerund.
Илэрхийллэг + -ing: have fun/a good time (have fun riding), spend/waste time (spend time studying), sit/stand/lie (sit reading), find/catch (find him sleeping). Угтвар + герунд шиг.
Form / Бүтэц
Expression + -ing
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Have fun riding
Have a good time dancing
Spend time studying
Waste time waiting
Sit reading book
Stand talking
Lie sleeping
Find him working
Catch them eating
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Fun expressions positive
Fun илэрхийллэг эерэг
Time spend/waste
Цаг spend/waste
Position + action
Байрлал + үйлдэл
Find/catch + object + -ing
Find/catch + тусагдахуун + -ing
Informal common
Албан бус түгээмэл
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
spend an hour doing
spend an hour doing
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Have fun to ride.
Riding
Riding
✓ Have fun riding.
-ing
-ing
Spend time study.
Studying
Studying
✓ Spend time studying.
Gerund
Герунд
Sit read book.
Reading
Reading
✓ Sit reading book.
-ing action
-ing үйлдэл
Find him work.
Working
Working
✓ Find him working.
Object + -ing
Тусагдахуун + -ing
Waste time to wait.
Waiting
Waiting
✓ Waste time waiting.
No to
To bayhgui
Common Verbs Followed by Infinitives
Инфинитив дагасан түгээмэл үйл үгс
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Verbs like agree, appear, ask, decide, expect, hope, learn, need, offer, plan, promise, refuse, seem, wait, want + infinitive. List memorize. Some object + infinitive (ask him to help).
Agree, appear, ask, decide, expect, hope, learn, need, offer, plan, promise, refuse, seem, wait, want зэрэг үйл + инфинитив. Жагсаалт цээжилнэ. Зарим тусагдахуун + инфинитив (ask him to help).
Form / Бүтэц
Verb + (object) + to + base
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Agree to help
Appear to be old
Ask to leave
Decide to go
Expect to win
Hope to visit
Learn to ride
Need to study
Offer to help
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
To + base infinitive
To + үндсэн инфинитив
Object some verbs
Зарим үйлд тусагдахуун
Negative not to
Үгүйсгэл not to
List practice
Жагсаалт дадлага
Vs gerund verbs
Vs герунд үйл
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
plan to do tomorrow
plan to do маргааш
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Agree helping.
To help
To help
✓ Agree to help.
Infinitive after agree
Agree дараа инфинитив
Expect win.
To win
To win
✓ Expect to win.
To infinitive
To инфинитив
Ask him helping.
To help
To help
✓ Ask him to help.
Object + infinitive
Тусагдахуун + инфинитив
Need studying.
To study
To study
✓ Need to study.
List verb infinitive
Жагсаалт үйл инфинитив
Promise not to telling.
Tell
Tell
✓ Promise not to tell.
Base after to
To дараа үндсэн
Common Verbs Followed by Either Infinitives or Gerunds
Инфинитив эсвэл герунд дагасан түгээмэл үйл үгс
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Verbs same meaning both: begin, continue, hate, like, love, prefer, start. Stop/remember/forget/try meaning change (stop to do vs stop doing). Regret + gerund past regret, + infinitive bad news.
Адил утгатай хоёулаа: begin, continue, hate, like, love, prefer, start. Stop/remember/forget/try утга өөрчлөнө (stop to do vs stop doing). Regret + герунд өнгөрсөн харамсал, + инфинитив муу мэдээ.
Form / Бүтэц
Verb + gerund or infinitive
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Begin studying/to study (same)
Hate waiting/to wait (same)
Like riding/to ride (same)
Stop smoking (quit)
Stop to smoke (pause for)
Remember locking (past action)
Remember to lock (future reminder)
Forget meeting (past forget)
Forget to meet (not do)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Same meaning no difference
Адил утга ялгаагүй
Change meaning careful
Утга өөрчлөх болгоомжтой
Stop gerund quit, infinitive purpose
Stop герунд зогсоох, инфинитив зорилго
Remember gerund past, infinitive future
Remember герунд өнгөрсөн, инфинитив ирээдүй
Forget similar remember
Forget remember-тэй төстэй
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
remember to do tomorrow
remember to do маргааш
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Begin study.
Studying/to study
Studying/to study
✓ Begin studying.
Gerund/infinitive
Герунд/инфинитив
Stop to smoke (quit meaning).
Smoking
Smoking
✓ Stop smoking.
Gerund quit
Герунд зогсоох
Remember to lock (past action).
Locking
Locking
✓ Remember locking.
Gerund past
Герунд өнгөрсөн
Forget meeting (future not do).
To meet
To meet
✓ Forget to meet.
Infinitive not do
Инфинитив not do
Try open (attempt).
To open
To open
✓ Try to open.
Try infinitive attempt, gerund experiment
Try инфинитив оролдох, герунд турших
It + Infinitive; Gerunds and Infinitives as Subjects
It + инфинитив; өгүүлэхүүн шиг герунд ба инфинитив
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
It + infinitive subject extraposition (it is fun to ride). Gerund/infinitive subject (riding is fun). Gerund more common subject. Infinitive purpose.
It + инфинитив өгүүлэхүүн гадагшлуулах (it is fun to ride). Герунд/инфинитив өгүүлэхүүн (riding is fun). Өгүүлэхүүнд герунд илүү түгээмэл. Инфинитив зорилго.
Form / Бүтэц
It + be + adj + infinitive; Gerund/infinitive + verb
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
It is fun to ride (extraposition)
Riding is fun (gerund subject)
To ride is fun (infinitive subject)
It takes time to learn (it + infinitive)
Learning takes time (gerund)
It is important to study (it)
Studying is important (gerund)
It costs money to travel (it)
Traveling costs money (gerund)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
It common start
It түгээмэл эхэлнэ
Gerund subject natural
Герунд өгүүлэхүүн байгалийн
Infinitive formal subject
Инфинитив албан өгүүлэхүүн
Measure it + take + infinitive
Хэмжээ it + take + инфинитив
Negative not infinitive/gerund
Үгүйсгэл not инфинитив/герунд
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
it takes time to
it takes time to
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
To ride is fun (common but formal).
Riding or it is
Riding эсвэл it is
✓ It is fun to ride.
Prefer it or gerund
It эсвэл герунд илүүд үзнэ
It is fun ride.
To ride
To ride
✓ It is fun to ride.
Infinitive to
Инфинитив to
Ride is fun.
Riding
Riding
✓ Riding is fun.
Gerund -ing
Герунд -ing
It take time to learn.
Takes
Takes
✓ It takes time to learn.
Singular it takes
Ганц it takes
Not riding is bad.
Not to ride
Not to ride
✓ It is bad not to ride.
Negative placement
Үгүйсгэл байрлал
Reference List of Verbs Followed by Gerunds
Герунд дагасан үйл үгийн лавлах жагсаалт
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Comprehensive list of verbs + gerund: acknowledge, admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, can't help, complete, consider, delay, deny, discuss, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forbid, get through, give up, have, imagine, involve, keep, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, prevent, prohibit, put off, quit, recall, recollect, recommend, report, resent, resist, resume, risk, spend, stop, suggest, tolerate, understand.
Үйл + герунд цогц жагсаалт: acknowledge, admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, can't help, complete, consider, delay, deny, discuss, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forbid, get through, give up, have, imagine, involve, keep, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, prevent, prohibit, put off, quit, recall, recollect, recommend, report, resent, resist, resume, risk, spend, stop, suggest, tolerate, understand.
Form / Бүтэц
Verb + gerund
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Admit stealing
Appreciate helping
Avoid meeting
Consider buying
Deny knowing
Discuss leaving
Enjoy eating
Finish working
Imagine traveling
Miss seeing
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Memorize common
Түгээмэл цээжилнэ
Practice sentences
Өгүүлбэр дадлага
Some allow both forms
Зарим хоёуланг зөвшөөрнө
Context check
Нөхцөл шалгах
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
N/A
Х/А
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Admit to steal.
Stealing
Stealing
✓ Admit stealing.
No to
To bayhgui
Reference List of Verbs Followed by Infinitives
Инфинитив дагасан үйл үгийн лавлах жагсаалт
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
List verbs + infinitive: afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, care, claim, consent, decide, demand, deserve, expect, fail, forget, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, regret, remember, seem, stop, threaten, try, volunteer, wait, want, wish.
Үйл + инфинитив жагсаалт: afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, care, claim, consent, decide, demand, deserve, expect, fail, forget, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, regret, remember, seem, stop, threaten, try, volunteer, wait, want, wish.
Form / Бүтэц
Verb + to + base
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Afford to buy
Agree to help
Appear to be
Decide to leave
Expect to win
Hope to visit
Learn to ride
Need to go
Offer to share
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
To infinitive
To инфинитив
Some object + infinitive
Зарим тусагдахуун + инфинитив
Practice list
Жагсаалт дадлага
Vs gerund list
Vs герунд жагсаалт
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
plan to do soon
plan to do удахгүй
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Agree helping.
To help
To help
✓ Agree to help.
Infinitive
Инфинитив
Key Terminology
Үндсэн нэр томьёо
Gerund
Герунд
-ing verb as noun
Нэр шиг -ing үйл
Riding is fun
Infinitive
Инфинитив
To + base verb
To + үндсэн үйл
To ride is fun
Verb Complement
Үйл нөхөх
Gerund/infinitive after verb
Үйл дараа герунд/инфинитив
Enjoy riding
Extraposition
Гадагшлуулах
It + infinitive subject move
Өгүүлэхүүн инфинитив шилжүүлэх it
It is fun to ride
Reference List
Лавлах жагсаалт
Verbs by complement type
Нөхөхийн төрлөөр үйл жагсаалт
Verbs + gerund
Key Points to Remember
Санах ёстой гол санамж
These are the most important concepts from this chapter:
Энэ бүлгийн хамгийн чухал ойлголтууд:
Distinguish gerund/infinitive functions
Герунд/инфинитив үүргийг ялгах
Use gerunds after prepositions/expressions
Угтвар/илэрхийллэг дараа герунд хэрэглэх
Apply verb lists for gerund/infinitive
Герунд/инфинитив үйл жагсаалтыг хэрэглэх
Handle verbs with both meaning changes
Хоёуланг утга өөрчлөх үйлийг шийдэх
Form subjects with gerund/infinitive/it
Герунд/инфинитив/it-тай өгүүлэхүүн бүрдүүлэх
Practice go + gerund activities
Go + герунд үйл ажиллагааг дадлага хийх
💡 Review these points regularly to master this chapter!
Энэ бүлгийг эзэмшихийн тулд эдгээр санамжийг байнга давтаарай!
Chapter Summary
Бүлгийн дүгнэлт
Chapter 14, Part 1, introduced gerunds and infinitives, their uses as complements, subject forms, preposition objects, verb lists, and meaning distinctions. You learned to choose forms accurately, preparing for Part 2 in Chapter 15.
Бүлэг 14, 1-р хэсэг, герунд ба инфинитив танилцуулж, нөхөх шиг хэрэглээ, өгүүлэхүүн хэлбэр, угтварын тусагдахуун, үйл жагсаалт, утгын ялгааг. Хэлбэрийг зөв сонгохыг сурч, 15-р бүлгийн 2-р хэсэгт бэлтгэлээ.
Congratulations on Completing This Chapter!
Та энэ бүлгийг дуусгасандаа баяр хүргэе!
Continue practicing what you learned and move on to the next chapter when you're ready.
Сурсан зүйлээ үргэлжлүүлэн дадлагажуулаад бэлэн болсон үедээ дараагийн бүлэг рүү шилжээрэй.
Chapter 14 of 20
Бүлэг 14 / 20
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