Modals, Part 2
Модал үйл үгс, 2-р хэсэг
This chapter continues the exploration of modal verbs, focusing on degrees of certainty in present, past, and future, negative forms, progressive modals, ability with 'can' and 'could', repeated past actions with 'would', preferences with 'would rather', combining modals with phrasals, and a summary chart. It delves into nuanced meanings, logical conclusions, speculations, and contextual uses, with emphasis on spoken reductions and error avoidance. Building on Part 1, it completes modal mastery for expressing possibility, deduction, and habitual past.
Энэ бүлэг модал үйл үгийн судалгааг үргэлжлүүлж, одоо, өнгөрсөн, ирээдүйд итгэлийн зэрэг, үгүйсгэл хэлбэр, үргэлжилж буй модал, 'can' ба 'could'-той чадвар, 'would'-тай давтагдсан өнгөрсөн үйлдэл, 'would rather'-тай илүүд үзэх, модалыг хэллэгтэй нэгтгэх, тойм хүснэгтэд анхаарна. Нарийн утга, логик дүгнэлт, таамаглал, нөхцөлийн хэрэглээг гүнзгийрүүлж, ярианы багасгал ба алдаанаас зайлсхийхэд онцгол өгнө. 1-р хэсгээс үндэслэн, боломж, дүгнэлт, зуршил өнгөрсөнийг илэрхийлэх модал эзэмшилтийг дуусгана.
Learning Objectives
Сургалтын зорилгууд
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
Энэ бүлгийг судалсны дараа та дараах зүйлсийг хийх боломжтой болно:
Express degrees of certainty in present time using modals
Модалоор одоо цагт итгэлийн зэргийг илэрхийлэх
Form negative certainty and distinguish levels of uncertainty
Сөрөг итгэл бүрдүүлж, эргэлзээний түвшинг ялгах
Apply modals for past and future certainty degrees
Өнгөрсөн ба ирээдүй итгэлийн зэрэгт модалыг хэрэглэх
Use progressive forms of modals for ongoing situations
Үргэлжилж буй нөхцөлд модалын үргэлжилж буй хэлбэрийг хэрэглэх
Express ability in present/past with 'can' and 'could'
'Can' ба 'could'-оор одоо/өнгөрсөн чадварыг илэрхийлэх
Describe repeated past actions and preferences using 'would'
'Would'-оор давтагдсан өнгөрсөн үйлдэл ба илүүд үзэхийг тодорхойлох
Combine modals with phrasal modals and review summary chart
Модалыг хэллэг модалтай нэгтгэж, тойм хүснэгтийг тоймлох
Degrees of Certainty: Present Time
Итгэлийн зэрэг: Одоо цаг
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Certainty levels: 100% must be (deduction), 95% should be (strong expectation), 50% may/might/could be (possibility). Form modal + be + adj/noun/-ing. Context logic.
Итгэлийн түвшин: 100% must be (дүгнэлт), 95% should be (хүчтэй хүлээлт), 50% may/might/could be (боломж). Хэлбэр модал + be + адилтгах/нэр/-ing. Нөхцөлийн логик.
Form / Бүтэц
Modal + be + complement
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
It must be cold (100%)
She should be home (95%)
He may be tired (50%)
It might rain (50%)
They could be late (50%)
The food must be ready (deduction)
You should be happy (expectation)
It may be a holiday (possibility)
He might be sleeping (guess)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Must logical conclusion
Must логик дүгнэлт
Should expected
Should хүлээгдсэн
May/might/could equal possible
May/might/could адил боломжтой
Be + -ing ongoing
Be + -ing үргэлжилж буй
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
now (present)
одоо (одоо)
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
❌ It musts be.
Must be
Must be
✓ It must be.
No -s
-s bayhgui
❌ She shoulds be.
Should be
Should be
✓ She should be.
Modal no -s
Модал -s bayhgui
❌ He may is tired.
May be
May be
✓ He may be tired.
Modal + be
Модал + be
❌ It might to be rain.
Might be raining
Might be raining
✓ It might be raining.
Be + -ing
Be + -ing
Degrees of Certainty: Present Time Negative
Итгэлийн зэрэг: Одоо цаг үгүйсгэл
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Negative: 100% can't be (impossible), 99% must not be (deduction negative), 95% shouldn't be (unexpected), 50% may/might not be (possible not). Form modal + not + be.
Үгүйсгэл: 100% can't be (боломжгүй), 99% must not be (дүгнэлт үгүйсгэл), 95% shouldn't be (хүлээгдээгүй), 50% may/might not be (боломжтой биш). Хэлбэр модал + not + be.
Form / Бүтэц
Modal + not + be + complement
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
It can't be true (impossible)
She must not be home (deduction)
He shouldn't be tired (unexpected)
They may not be late (possible not)
It might not rain (50%)
The food can't be bad (100%)
You must not be serious (99%)
It shouldn't be difficult (95%)
He might not come (possible not)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Can't strongest negative
Can't хамгийн хүчтэй үгүйсгэл
Must not logical not
Must not логик биш
Shouldn't unexpected not
Shouldn't хүлээгдээгүй биш
May/might not weak not
May/might not сул биш
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
present negative
одоо үгүйсгэл
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
❌ It mustn't be true (if impossible).
Can't be
Can't be
✓ It can't be true.
Can't impossible
Can't боломжгүй
❌ She shouldn't not be home.
Shouldn't be
Shouldn't be
✓ She shouldn't be home.
One not
Нэг not
❌ He mayn't be tired.
May not be
May not be
✓ He may not be tired.
No mayn't
Mayn't bayhgui
❌ It could not be raining.
Might not (50%)
Might not (50%)
✓ It might not be raining.
Could = possible, but for 50% use may/might
Could = боломжтой, гэхдээ 50%-д may/might
Degrees of Certainty: Past Time
Итгэлийн зэрэг: Өнгөрсөн цаг
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Past: 100% must have (deduction), 95% should have (expected not), 50% may/might/could have (possible). Negative: must not have, shouldn't have, may/might not have. Form modal + have + participle.
Өнгөрсөн: 100% must have (дүгнэлт), 95% should have (хүлээгдсэн биш), 50% may/might/could have (боломжтой). Үгүйсгэл: must not have, shouldn't have, may/might not have. Хэлбэр модал + have + оролцох.
Form / Бүтэц
Modal + have + participle
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
He must have left (deduction)
She should have arrived (expected not)
They may have forgotten (possible)
It might have rained (50%)
You could have called (possible)
He must not have heard (negative deduction)
She shouldn't have gone (unexpected)
They may not have known (possible not)
It might not have happened (50% not)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Must have past conclusion
Must have өнгөрсөн дүгнэлт
Should have unfulfilled expectation
Should have биелээгүй хүлээлт
May/might/could have speculation
May/might/could have таамаглал
Negative reverse certainty
Үгүйсгэл итгэлийг урвуулна
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
past reference
өнгөрсөн лавлагаа
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
❌ He must has left.
Must have
Must have
✓ He must have left.
Have not has
Have not has
❌ She should had arrived.
Should have
Should have
✓ She should have arrived.
Have + participle
Have + оролцох
❌ They may have forget.
Forgotten
Forgotten
✓ They may have forgotten.
Participle
Оролцох
❌ It must not have be raining.
Been
Been
✓ It must not have been raining.
Have been + -ing if progressive
Үргэлжилж буй бол have been + -ing
Degrees of Certainty: Future Time
Итгэлийн зэрэг: Ирээдүй цаг
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Future: 100% will be (certain), 95% should be (expected), 50% may/might/could be (possible). Negative will not, should not, may/might not. Form modal + be.
Ирээдүй: 100% will be (итгэлтэй), 95% should be (хүлээгдсэн), 50% may/might/could be (боломжтой). Үгүйсгэл will not, should not, may/might not. Хэлбэр модал + be.
Form / Бүтэц
Modal + be + complement
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
It will be sunny (100%)
She should be here soon (95%)
He may be late (50%)
It might rain (50%)
They could arrive early (50%)
It will not be cold (100% not)
She should not be tired (95% not)
He may not come (50% not)
It might not happen (possible not)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Will certain future
Will итгэлтэй ирээдүй
Should expected future
Should хүлээгдсэн ирээдүй
May/might/could possible
May/might/could боломжтой
Negative reverse
Үгүйсгэл урвуу
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
tomorrow (future)
маргааш (ирээдүй)
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
❌ It will to be sunny.
Will be
Will be
✓ It will be sunny.
No to
To bayhgui
❌ She shoulds be here.
Should be
Should be
✓ She should be here.
No -s
-s bayhgui
❌ He may is late.
May be
May be
✓ He may be late.
Modal + be
Модал + be
❌ It might not to rain.
Might not rain
Might not rain
✓ It might not rain.
Base after not
Not дараа үндсэн
Progressive Forms of Modals
Модалын үргэлжилж буй хэлбэр
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Progressive modals for ongoing at time of speaking/past/future. Form modal + be + -ing. Meanings similar base but emphasize in progress.
Үргэлжилж буй модал ярих/өнгөрсөн/ирээдүй цагт үргэлжилж буйд. Хэлбэр модал + be + -ing. Үндсэнтэй төстэй утга ч явагдаж буйг онцолно.
Form / Бүтэц
Modal + be + -ing
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
He must be working (now deduction)
She should be studying (expected ongoing)
They may be traveling (possible now)
It might be raining (50% now)
He could be waiting (possible)
Must have been working (past ongoing)
Should have been helping (past expected)
May have been sleeping (past possible)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Add be + -ing ongoing
Үргэлжилж буйд be + -ing нэмнэ
Certainty degrees same
Итгэлийн зэрэг адил
Past have been + -ing
Өнгөрсөн have been + -ing
Future will be + modal + be + -ing rare
Ирээдүй will be + модал + be + -ing ховор
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
now (present progressive)
одоо (одоо үргэлжилж буй)
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
❌ He must working.
Must be working
Must be working
✓ He must be working.
Be + -ing
Be + -ing
❌ She should have be studying.
Have been
Have been
✓ She should have been studying.
Have been + -ing
Have been + -ing
❌ They may be forget.
Forgetting
Forgetting
✓ They may be forgetting.
-ing form
-ing хэлбэр
❌ It might being raining.
Be raining
Be raining
✓ It might be raining.
Modal + be
Модал + be
Ability: Can and Could
Чадвар: Can ба Could
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Can present/future ability (can ride), could past (could ride). Negative can't/couldn't. Questions can/could. Be able to phrasal all tenses.
Can одоо/ирээдүй чадвар (can ride), could өнгөрсөн (could ride). Үгүйсгэл can't/couldn't. Асуулт can/could. Be able to хэллэг бүх цаг.
Form / Бүтэц
Can/Could + base
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
I can speak Mongolian (present)
She could run fast (past)
Can you help? (question)
I can't swim (negative)
He could not see (couldn't)
I will be able to go (future)
I have been able to ride (perfect)
Can they play? (ability)
She could dance well (past ability)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Can general ability
Can ерөнхий чадвар
Could specific past
Could тодорхой өнгөрсөн
Be able to tenses
Be able to цаг
Can't stronger inability
Can't хүчтэй чадваргүй
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
now (present), yesterday (past)
одоо (одоо), өчигдөр (өнгөрсөн)
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
❌ I can to swim.
Can swim
Can swim
✓ I can swim.
No to
To bayhgui
❌ She coulds run.
Could run
Could run
✓ She could run.
No -s
-s bayhgui
❌ I will can go.
Will be able to
Will be able to
✓ I will be able to go.
Phrasal future
Хэллэг ирээдүй
❌ He can't not see.
Can't see
Can't see
✓ He can't see.
One negative
Нэг үгүйсгэл
Using Would to Express a Repeated Action in the Past
Өнгөрсөн давтагдсан үйлдлийг илэрхийлэхэд Would-г хэрэглэх
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Would + base past habit/repeated (would ride). Like used to but only actions, not states. Past simple also habits.
Would + үндсэн өнгөрсөн зуршил/давтагдсан (would ride). Used to-той төстэй ч зөвхөн үйлдэл, байдал биш. Өнгөрсөн энгийн ч зуршил.
Form / Бүтэц
Would + base (past repeated)
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
I would ride every day (past habit)
She would play morin khuur (repeated)
We would visit often (past)
He would eat buuz (habit)
They would dance (repeated)
I would not smoke (negative habit)
Would you go? (question past)
Kids would play (habit)
Nomads would migrate (repeated)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Repeated actions only
Давтагдсан үйлдэл зөвхөн
No states (be, have)
Байдал (be, have) байхгүй
Similar used to actions
Үйлдэлд used to-той төстэй
Storytelling common
Өгүүллэгт түгээмэл
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
every day (past), when young
өдөр бүр (өнгөрсөн), залуудаа
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
❌ I would to ride.
Would ride
Would ride
✓ I would ride.
No to
To bayhgui
❌ She woulds play.
Would play
Would play
✓ She would play.
No -s
-s bayhgui
❌ I would be happy (state).
Was happy
Was happy
✓ I used to be happy.
No states
Байдал bayhgui
❌ Would you played?
Play
Play
✓ Would you play?
Base
Үндсэн
Expressing Preference: Would Rather
Илүүд үзэхийг илэрхийлэх: Would Rather
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Would rather + base preference (rather go). Than compare (rather go than stay). Past would rather have + participle (rather have gone). Contraction 'd rather.
Would rather + үндсэн илүүд үзэх (rather go). Than харьцуулах (rather go than stay). Өнгөрсөн would rather have + оролцох (rather have gone). Товчлол 'd rather.
Form / Бүтэц
Would rather (not) + base (than + base)
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
I would rather stay (preference)
She'd rather eat buuz (contraction)
Would you rather go? (question)
We would rather not come (negative)
He would rather play than study (compare)
They'd rather have stayed (past)
I'd rather have helped (past preference)
You would rather travel (choice)
Would she rather dance? (question)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Current preference
Одоо илүүд үзэх
Past have + participle
Өнгөрсөн have + оролцох
Than contrast
Than харьцуулалт
Question would subject rather
Асуулт would өгүүлэхүүн rather
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
N/A
Х/А
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
❌ I would rather to stay.
No to
To bayhgui
✓ I would rather stay.
Base
Үндсэн
❌ She'd rather stayed.
Have stayed
Have stayed
✓ She'd rather have stayed.
Past have
Өнгөрсөн have
❌ Would you rather goes?
Go
Go
✓ Would you rather go?
Base verb
Үндсэн үйл
❌ I would rather than stay.
Go than stay
Go than stay
✓ I would rather go than stay.
Verb after rather
Rather дараа үйл
Combining Modals with Phrasal Modals
Модалыг хэллэг модалтай нэгтгэх
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Combine modal + phrasal (will have to, might be able to). No two simple modals. Phrasal like have to, be able to, be going to.
Модал + хэллэг (will have to, might be able to) нэгтгэнэ. Хоёр энгийн модал байхгүй. Хэллэг have to, be able to, be going to шиг.
Form / Бүтэц
Modal + phrasal modal + base
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
I will have to go (future necessity)
She might be able to help (possible ability)
He may have to leave (possibility necessity)
We could be going to rain (possible future)
You should be able to do (advice ability)
They must have to wait (strong necessity)
I might not be able to come (negative)
Will you have to study? (question)
She could have been able to run (past)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Modal first, phrasal second
Модал эхэнд, хэллэг хоёрт
Express complex ideas
Нарийн санааг илэрхийлнэ
Tenses in phrasal
Хэллэгт цаг
Common combinations
Түгээмэл нэгтгэл
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
General
Ерөнхий
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
❌ I will must go.
Will have to
Will have to
✓ I will have to go.
No two modals
Хоёр модал bayhgui
❌ She might can help.
Might be able to
Might be able to
✓ She might be able to help.
Phrasal for ability
Чадварт хэллэг
❌ He may has to leave.
Have to
Have to
✓ He may have to leave.
Base have
Үндсэн have
❌ We could going to.
Be going to
Be going to
✓ We could be going to.
Be + going to
Be + going to
Summary Chart of Modals and Similar Expressions
Модал ба төстэй илэрхийллэгийн тойм хүснэгт
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Chart summarizing modals: function, form, examples. Groups by meaning (ability, permission, necessity, etc.). Includes phrasals. Reference tool.
Модал тойм хүснэгт: үүрэг, хэлбэр, жишээ. Утгаар бүлэглэсэн (чадвар, зөвшөөрөл, шаардлага г.м.). Хэллэг багтана. Лавлагаа хэрэгсэл.
Form / Бүтэц
See chart examples
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Ability: can, be able to
Permission: may, can, could
Request: can, will, would, could
Necessity: must, have to
Prohibition: must not
Lack: don't have to
Advice: should, ought to, had better
Expectation: be supposed to
Suggestion: let's, why don't
Preference: would rather
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Reference all modals
Бүх модал лавлах
Compare similar
Төстэйг харьцуулах
Phrasals alternatives
Хэллэг өөр сонголт
Context choose
Нөхцөл сонгоно
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
Various per modal
Модалоор өөр өөр
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
❌ Mixed modals wrong.
Use chart
Хүснэгт хэрэглэнэ
✓ Correct per function.
Follow summary
Тоймыг дагана
Key Terminology
Үндсэн нэр томьёо
Degree of Certainty
Итгэлийн зэрэг
Level of sureness expressed by modals
Модалоор илэрхийлэх итгэлийн түвшин
Must (100%)
Progressive Modal
Үргэлжилж буй модал
Modal + be + -ing for ongoing
Үргэлжилж буйд модал + be + -ing
Must be working
Ability Modal
Чадвар модал
Express capability
Чадварыг илэрхийлэх
Can do
Repeated Past
Давтагдсан өнгөрсөн
Would for past habits
Өнгөрсөн зуршилд would
Would play
Preference Modal
Илүүд үзэх модал
Would rather choice
Сонголтод would rather
Would rather eat
Phrasal Modal
Хэллэг модал
Multi-word modal equivalent
Олон үгтэй модал тэнцүү
Have to
Key Points to Remember
Санах ёстой гол санамж
These are the most important concepts from this chapter:
Энэ бүлгийн хамгийн чухал ойлголтууд:
Express certainty levels present/past/future
Одоо/өнгөрсөн/ирээдүй итгэлийн түвшинг илэрхийлэх
Use negative certainty modals
Сөрөг итгэл модалыг хэрэглэх
Apply progressive to modals
Модалд үргэлжилж буйг хэрэглэх
Describe ability past/present
Өнгөрсөн/одоо чадварыг тодорхойлох
Use would past habits/preferences
Would-оор өнгөрсөн зуршил/илүүд үзэх хэрэглэх
Combine modals phrasals
Модалыг хэллэгтэй нэгтгэх
Reference summary chart
Тойм хүснэгтийг лавлах
💡 Review these points regularly to master this chapter!
Энэ бүлгийг эзэмшихийн тулд эдгээр санамжийг байнга давтаарай!
Chapter Summary
Бүлгийн дүгнэлт
Chapter 10, Part 2, advanced modals with certainty degrees, negatives, progressives, ability, past would, preferences, combinations, and summary. You gained nuanced modal skills for speculation and habits, completing modals.
Бүлэг 10, 2-р хэсэг, итгэлийн зэрэг, сөрөг, үргэлжилж буй, чадвар, өнгөрсөн would, илүүд үзэх, нэгтгэл, тоймоор модалыг дэвшүүлэв. Та таамаглал ба зуршилд нарийн модал чадвар олж, модалыг дуусгалаа.
Congratulations on Completing This Chapter!
Та энэ бүлгийг дуусгасандаа баяр хүргэе!
Continue practicing what you learned and move on to the next chapter when you're ready.
Сурсан зүйлээ үргэлжлүүлэн дадлагажуулаад бэлэн болсон үедээ дараагийн бүлэг рүү шилжээрэй.
Chapter 10 of 20
Бүлэг 10 / 20
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