The Passive
Идэвхгүй хэлбэр
This chapter explores the passive voice in English, contrasting it with active voice, detailing tense forms, usage guidelines, passive modals, non-progressive passives, common verbs with prepositions, passive with 'get', and participial adjectives. It emphasizes when to use passive for focus on action/receiver, unknown agent, or formality, with practical examples and error analysis to master transformations and applications in writing and speaking.
Энэ бүлэгт англи хэлний идэвхгүй хэлбэрийг судалж, идэвхтэй хэлбэртэй харьцуулж, цагийн хэлбэр, хэрэглээний заавар, идэвхгүй модал, үргэлжлэлгүй идэвхгүй, угтвартай түгээмэл үйл үг, 'get'-тай идэвхгүй, оролцох адилтгахыг нарийвчилна. Үйлдэл/хүлээн авагчид анхаарах, үл мэдэгдэх үйлдэгч, албан байдалд идэвхгүй хэрэглэхийг онцолж, өөрчлөлт ба бичих ярихад хэрэглээг эзэмшүүлэх практик жишээ ба алдаа шинжилгээг өгнө.
Learning Objectives
Сургалтын зорилгууд
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
Энэ бүлгийг судалсны дараа та дараах зүйлсийг хийх боломжтой болно:
Distinguish between active and passive voice structures
Идэвхтэй ба идэвхгүй хэлбэрийн бүтцийг ялгах
Form passive sentences in all tenses
Бүх цагт идэвхгүй өгүүлбэр бүрдүүлэх
Determine appropriate uses of passive voice
Идэвхгүй хэлбэрийн тохиромжтой хэрэглээг тодорхойлох
Apply passive forms to modals and phrasal modals
Модал ба хэллэг модалд идэвхгүй хэлбэрийг хэрэглэх
Use non-progressive passive for states
Байдалд үргэлжлэлгүй идэвхгүй хэрэглэх
Incorporate common passive verbs with prepositions
Угтвартай түгээмэл идэвхгүй үйл үгийг оруулах
Form passive with 'get' for changes
Өөрчлөлтөд 'get'-тай идэвхгүй бүрдүүлэх
Differentiate participial adjectives in descriptions
Тодорхойлолтод оролцох адилтгахыг ялгах
Active vs. Passive
Идэвхтэй vs. Идэвхгүй
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Active: subject performs action (Nomad rides horse). Passive: subject receives action, by + agent optional (Horse is ridden by nomad). Form be + past participle. Use passive when agent unknown/irrelevant, focus on receiver, scientific/formal writing.
Идэвхтэй: өгүүлэхүүн үйлдэл гүйцэтгэнэ (Nomad rides horse). Идэвхгүй: өгүүлэхүүн үйлдэл хүлээнэ, by + үйлдэгч сонголттой (Horse is ridden by nomad). Хэлбэр be + өнгөрсөн оролцох. Үйлдэгч үл мэдэгдэх/хамаагүй, хүлээн авагчид анхаарах, шинжлэх ухаан/албан бичигт идэвхгүй хэрэглэнэ.
Form / Бүтэц
Active: Sub + verb + obj Passive: Obj + be + participle (+ by sub)
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Active: Bataar builds ger.
Passive: Ger is built by Bataar.
Active: Eagles hunt animals.
Passive: Animals are hunted by eagles.
Active: Oyunaa milks cow.
Passive: Cow is milked (agent omitted)
Active: Wind blows tent.
Passive: Tent is blown by wind.
Active: They celebrate Naadam.
Passive: Naadam is celebrated.
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Omit by if agent unknown
Үйлдэгч үл мэдэгдэх бол by орхино
Transitive verbs only passive
Тусагдахуунтай үйл зөвхөн идэвхгүй
Focus shift passive
Анхаарал шилжүүлэлт идэвхгүй
Formal/scientific common
Албан/шинжлэх ухаанд түгээмэл
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
General
Ерөнхий
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
The ger built by Bataar.
Is built
Is built
✓ The ger is built by Bataar.
Be required
Be шаардлагатай
Horse rides by nomad.
Is ridden
Is ridden
✓ Horse is ridden by nomad.
Past participle
Өнгөрсөн оролцох
Naadam celebrates.
Is celebrated (passive)
Is celebrated (идэвхгүй)
✓ Naadam is celebrated.
Intransitive no passive
Тусагдахуунгүй идэвхгүй байхгүй
The book was read me.
By me
By me
✓ The book was read by me.
By agent
By үйлдэгч
Tense Forms of the Passive
Идэвхгүйгийн цагийн хэлбэр
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Passive in all tenses: be in tense + past participle. Simple present am/is/are + pp, past was/were + pp, future will be + pp. Perfect have/has/had/will have been + pp. Progressive be + being + pp.
Бүх цагт идэвхгүй: цагт be + өнгөрсөн оролцох. Энгийн одоо am/is/are + pp, өнгөрсөн was/were + pp, ирээдүй will be + pp. Гүйцэд have/has/had/will have been + pp. Үргэлжилж буй be + being + pp.
Form / Бүтэц
Be (tense) + past participle
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Is built (present)
Was built (past)
Will be built (future)
Has been built (present perfect)
Had been built (past perfect)
Will have been built (future perfect)
Is being built (present prog)
Was being built (past prog)
Will be being built (future prog rare)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Be agrees subject
Be өгүүлэхүүнтэй тохирно
Participle unchanged
Оролцох өөрчлөлтгүй
Progressive less common
Үргэлжилж буй бага
All tenses possible
Бүх цаг боломжтой
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
tense specific
цаг тодорхой
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
The ger built.
Is built
Is built
✓ The ger is built.
Present be
Одоо be
Has built (passive).
Has been built
Has been built
✓ Has been built.
Been + pp
Been + pp
Was build.
Built
Built
✓ Was built.
Participle
Оролцох
Will built.
Be built
Be built
✓ Will be built.
Be + pp
Be + pp
Using the Passive
Идэвхгүйг хэрэглэх
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Use passive: agent unknown (Ger was built), unimportant (Festival is celebrated), focus receiver (Horse is ridden). Scientific (Experiment was conducted). By if agent important.
Идэвхгүй хэрэглэх: үйлдэгч үл мэдэгдэх (Ger was built), чухал биш (Festival is celebrated), хүлээн авагчид анхаарах (Horse is ridden). Шинжлэх ухаан (Experiment was conducted). Үйлдэгч чухал бол by.
Form / Бүтэц
(Receiver + be + pp + by agent)
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
The ger was built (unknown agent)
Naadam is celebrated yearly (unimportant agent)
Buuz are eaten (focus receiver)
The book was written by author (important agent)
The song is sung (general)
The temple was visited (unknown)
The food is prepared (process focus)
The game is played (rules)
The letter was sent by post (agent)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Omit by default
By анхдагчаар орхино
Passive more formal
Идэвхгүй илүү албан
Avoid over passive
Хэт идэвхгүйгээс зайлсхий
Writing varied
Бичиг өөр өөр
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
General
Ерөнхий
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
The ger built by wood.
Was built of wood
Was built of wood
✓ The ger was built of wood.
Of material, by agent
Of материал, by үйлдэгч
Is celebrated Naadam.
Naadam is celebrated
Naadam is celebrated
✓ Naadam is celebrated.
Receiver subject
Хүлээн авагч өгүүлэхүүн
The horse ridden.
Is ridden
Is ridden
✓ The horse is ridden.
Be verb
Be үйл
Built the temple by monks.
The temple was built
The temple was built
✓ The temple was built by monks.
Passive order
Идэвхгүй дараалал
The Passive Form of Modals and Phrasal Modals
Модал ба хэллэг модалын идэвхгүй хэлбэр
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Passive modals: modal + be + pp (can be seen). Phrasal: be + pp + to + base (have to be done). Past modal + have been + pp (could have been built).
Идэвхгүй модал: модал + be + pp (can be seen). Хэллэг: be + pp + to + үндсэн (have to be done). Өнгөрсөн модал + have been + pp (could have been built).
Form / Бүтэц
Modal + be + pp; Phrasal passive
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
It can be seen (modal passive)
Must be done (necessity passive)
Should be celebrated (advice passive)
Have to be built (phrasal)
Be able to be used (ability)
Could have been helped (past)
Might be fixed (possibility)
Ought to be respected (advice)
Will be completed (future)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Modal meaning same passive
Модал утга идэвхгүй адил
Phrasal follow structure
Хэллэг бүтцийг дагана
Past have been
Өнгөрсөн have been
Common necessity/possibility
Шаардлага/боломж түгээмэл
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
General
Ерөнхий
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Can seen.
Be seen
Be seen
✓ Can be seen.
Be + pp
Be + pp
Have to done.
Be done
Be done
✓ Have to be done.
Be + pp
Be + pp
Could have be built.
Been built
Been built
✓ Could have been built.
Have been + pp
Have been + pp
Must to be fixed.
Be fixed
Be fixed
✓ Must be fixed.
No to
To bayhgui
Non-Progressive Passive
Үргэлжлэлгүй идэвхгүй
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Stative passive: be + pp (no by, state not action). Common married, interested, tired. Vs progressive action (is being built). Past participle adjective.
Байдлын идэвхгүй: be + pp (by байхгүй, байдал биш үйлдэл). Түгээмэл married, interested, tired. Vs үргэлжилж буй үйлдэл (is being built). Өнгөрсөн оролцох адилтгах.
Form / Бүтэц
Be + past participle (state)
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
I am married (state)
She is interested in history (state)
He is tired (result state)
The door is closed (state)
The window is broken (state)
We are satisfied (state)
They are excited (state)
It is done (state)
The book is opened (state)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
No by stative
Байдалд by bayhgui
No progressive stative
Байдал үргэлжилж буй bayhgui
Result of action
Үйлдлийн үр дүн
Adjective like
Адилтгах шиг
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
General
Ерөнхий
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
I am being married.
Am married
Am married
✓ I am married.
State no progressive
Байдал үргэлжилж буй bayhgui
The door is being closed (state).
Is closed
Is closed
✓ The door is closed.
State simple
Байдал энгийн
He is tired by work.
No by
No by
✓ He is tired from work.
Preposition not by
Угтвар bi not by
The window is break.
Broken
Broken
✓ The window is broken.
Participle
Оролцох
Common Non-Progressive Passive Verbs + Prepositions
Үргэлжлэлгүй идэвхгүй түгээмэл үйл үг + угтвар
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Common stative passive + prep: interested in, composed of, married to, acquainted with, etc. Memorize combinations. Passive be + pp + prep.
Түгээмэл байдлын идэвхгүй + угтвар: interested in, composed of, married to, acquainted with г.м. Нэгтгэлийг цээжилнэ. Идэвхгүй be + pp + угтвар.
Form / Бүтэц
Be + pp + preposition + object
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Interested in history
Composed of wood
Married to her
Acquainted with him
Satisfied with food
Known for wrestling
Filled with airag
Crowded with people
Tired of waiting
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Memorize verb + prep
Үйл + угтвар цээжилнэ
No by agent
Үйлдэгч by bayhgui
State descriptions
Байдлын тодорхойлолт
Common list practice
Түгээмэл жагсаалт дадлага
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
General
Ерөнхий
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Interested on history.
In
In
✓ Interested in history.
Prep in
Угтвар in
Composed by wood.
Of
Of
✓ Composed of wood.
Material of
Материал of
Married with her.
To
To
✓ Married to her.
To person
Хүнд to
Acquainted to him.
With
With
✓ Acquainted with him.
With acquainted
With acquainted
The Passive with Get
Get-тай идэвхгүй
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Get + pp informal passive change/state (get married, get tired). No agent by. Similar be passive but dynamic change. Common spoken.
Get + pp албан бус идэвхгүй өөрчлөлт/байдал (get married, get tired). Үйлдэгч by bayhgui. Be идэвхгүйтэй төстэй ч динамик өөрчлөлт. Ярианд түгээмэл.
Form / Бүтэц
Get + past participle
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Get married (change)
Get tired (state)
Get dressed (action)
Get lost (happen)
Get hurt (accident)
Get crowded (change)
Get bored (state)
Get excited (emotion)
Get fixed (repair)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Change emphasis
Өөрчлөлтийг онцол
No progressive get
Үргэлжилж буй get bayhgui
Spoken informal
Яриа албан бус
Similar be but active feel
Be-тэй төстэй ч идэвхтэй мэдрэмж
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
General
Ерөнхий
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Get marry.
Married
Married
✓ Get married.
Pp
Pp
Is getting married (ongoing).
Is getting married ok action
Is getting married ok үйлдэл
✓ Gets tired (state no prog)
State simple
Байдал энгийн
Get tired by work.
From work
From work
✓ Get tired from work.
Prep from
Угтвар from
Get build.
Built
Built
✓ Get built.
Participle
Оролцох
Participial Adjectives
Оролцох адилтгах
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
-ing (interesting) cause feeling, -ed (interested) receive feeling. Confusing/confused etc. Use correctly describe causer/receiver.
-ing (interesting) мэдрэмж үүсгэгч, -ed (interested) мэдрэмж хүлээн авагч. Confusing/confused г.м. Үүсгэгч/хүлээн авагчийг зөв тодорхойлоход хэрэглэнэ.
Form / Бүтэц
-ing/-ed + noun
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Interesting book (causes interest)
Interested reader (feels interest)
Boring lesson (causes boredom)
Bored student (feels boredom)
Confusing rule (causes confusion)
Confused learner (feels confusion)
Exciting festival (causes excitement)
Excited people (feel excitement)
Tiring journey (causes tiredness)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
-ing active causer
-ing идэвхтэй үүсгэгч
-ed passive receiver
-ed идэвхгүй хүлээн авагч
Common pairs memorize
Түгээмэл хос цээжилнэ
Context person/thing
Нөхцөл хүн/зүйл
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
General
Ерөнхий
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Interested book.
Interesting
Interesting
✓ Interesting book.
Book causes
Book үүсгэнэ
Boring student.
Bored
Bored
✓ Bored student.
Student feels
Student мэдэрнэ
Confused rule.
Confusing
Confusing
✓ Confusing rule.
Rule causes
Rule үүсгэнэ
Excited news.
Exciting
Exciting
✓ Exciting news.
News causes
News үүсгэнэ
Key Terminology
Үндсэн нэр томьёо
Passive Voice
Идэвхгүй хэлбэр
Focus on receiver
Хүлээн авагчид анхаарах
Agent
Үйлдэгч
Doer in by phrase
By хэллэгт гүйцэтгэгч
Stative Passive
Байдлын идэвхгүй
State passive no action
Үйлдэлгүй байдлын идэвхгүй
Participial Adjective
Оролцох адилтгах
-ing/-ed as adjective
Адилтгах шиг -ing/-ed
Get Passive
Get идэвхгүй
Informal change passive
Албан бус өөрчлөлтийн идэвхгүй
Key Points to Remember
Санах ёстой гол санамж
These are the most important concepts from this chapter:
Энэ бүлгийн хамгийн чухал ойлголтууд:
Active/passive contrast
Идэвхтэй/идэвхгүй харьцуулалт
All tenses passive form
Бүх цаг идэвхгүй хэлбэр
When/why use passive
Идэвхгүй хэзээ/яагаад хэрэглэх
Modals passive
Модал идэвхгүй
Stative vs progressive passive
Байдлын vs үргэлжилж буй идэвхгүй
Prep in passive
Идэвхгүйд угтвар
Get passive changes
Get идэвхгүй өөрчлөлт
-ing/-ed adjectives
-ing/-ed адилтгах
💡 Review these points regularly to master this chapter!
Энэ бүлгийг эзэмшихийн тулд эдгээр санамжийг байнга давтаарай!
Chapter Summary
Бүлгийн дүгнэлт
Chapter 11 covered passive voice comprehensively, from active contrast and tense forms to usage, modals, stative passives, prepositions, get passive, and participial adjectives. You learned to shift focus and describe states, preparing for noun clauses in Chapter 12.
Бүлэг 11-д идэвхгүй хэлбэрийг цогцоор хамарч, идэвхтэй харьцуулалт ба цагийн хэлбэрээс хэрэглээ, модал, байдлын идэвхгүй, угтвар, get идэвхгүй, оролцох адилтгах хүртэл. Анхаарал шилжүүлж, байдлыг тодорхойлохыг сурч, 12-р бүлгийн нэр өгүүлбэрт бэлтгэлээ.
Congratulations on Completing This Chapter!
Та энэ бүлгийг дуусгасандаа баяр хүргэе!
Continue practicing what you learned and move on to the next chapter when you're ready.
Сурсан зүйлээ үргэлжлүүлэн дадлагажуулаад бэлэн болсон үедээ дараагийн бүлэг рүү шилжээрэй.
Chapter 11 of 20
Бүлэг 11 / 20
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