Noun Clauses
Нэр өгүүлбэрүүд
This chapter introduces noun clauses, their forms beginning with question words, 'whether' or 'if', 'that', and special structures like question words with infinitives and -ever words. It also covers quoted and reported speech, including tense changes in indirect speech. With detailed explanations, examples, and guidelines for embedding clauses in sentences, it addresses common errors in word order and verb forms to help learners create complex sentences accurately.
Энэ бүлэг нэр өгүүлбэрийг танилцуулж, асуух үг, 'whether' эсвэл 'if', 'that'-ээр эхэлсэн хэлбэр, асуух үгтэй инфинитив, -ever үг зэрэг тусгай бүтцийг хамрана. Шууд ба дам хэлэх, дам хэлэхэд цагийн өөрчлөлтийг ч авч үзнэ. Нарийвчилсан тайлбар, жишээ, өгүүлбэрт өгүүлбэр оруулах заавартай, үгийн дараалал ба үйл үгийн хэлбэрийн түгээмэл алдааг шийдэж, суралцагчид нарийн өгүүлбэр зөв бүрдүүлэхэд тусална.
Learning Objectives
Сургалтын зорилгууд
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
Энэ бүлгийг судалсны дараа та дараах зүйлсийг хийх боломжтой болно:
Identify and form noun clauses starting with question words
Асуух үгээр эхэлсэн нэр өгүүлбэрийг таних, бүрдүүлэх
Use 'whether' and 'if' in yes/no noun clauses
Yes/no нэр өгүүлбэрт 'whether' ба 'if'-г хэрэглэх
Combine question words with infinitives in clauses
Өгүүлбэрт асуух үгийг инфинитивтэй нэгтгэх
Form noun clauses with 'that' and understand implied 'that'
'That'-тай нэр өгүүлбэр бүрдүүлж, илэрхийлээгүй 'that'-г ойлгох
Differentiate and convert quoted to reported speech
Шууд хэлэхийг дам хэлэхээс ялгаж, өөрчлөх
Apply tense backshifts in reported speech noun clauses
Дам хэлэх нэр өгүүлбэрт цагийн ухралтыг хэрэглэх
Use -ever words in noun clauses for indefinite references
Тодорхойгүй лавлахад нэр өгүүлбэрт -ever үгийг хэрэглэх
Introduction
Танилцуулга
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Noun clauses function as nouns in sentences, often as subjects, objects, or complements. They begin with subordinators like that, if, whether, or question words. Unlike questions, noun clauses have subject-verb order and no question mark when embedded.
Нэр өгүүлбэр өгүүлбэрт нэр шиг үүрэгтэй, ихэвчлэн өгүүлэхүүн, тусагдахуун, нөхөх. That, if, whether, асуух үг зэрэг хамааруулагчаар эхэлнэ. Асуултаас ялгаатай, нэр өгүүлбэр өгүүлэхүүн-үйл дараалалтай, оруулсан үед асуултын тэмдэггүй.
Form / Бүтэц
Subordinator + subject + verb (+ complement)
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
What he said is true (object)
That it's cold is obvious (subject)
I know where he lives (object)
The question is whether it's true (complement)
I wonder if she comes (object)
That the earth is round is fact (subject)
Tell me what time it is (object)
It's unclear why he left (complement)
I don't know who called (object)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Statement order in clause
Өгүүлбэрт илэрхийллийн дараалал
No comma unless subject
Өгүүлэхүүн биш бол таслал байхгүй
That often omitted spoken
That ярианд ихэвчлэн орхигдно
Function as noun
Нэр шиг үүрэгтэй
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
Not specific
Тодорхой биш
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
What did he say is true.
Statement order
Илэрхийллийн дараалал
✓ What he said is true.
No auxiliary in clause
Өгүүлбэрт туслах байхгүй
I know where does he live.
Where he lives
Where he lives
✓ I know where he lives.
Subject-verb order
Өгүүлэхүүн-үйл дараалал
That it's true, I believe.
No comma
Таслал байхгүй
✓ I believe that it's true.
Object no comma
Тусагдахуун таслал байхгүй
The reason is because he left.
That he left
That he left
✓ The reason is that he left.
That clause
That өгүүлбэр
Noun Clauses Beginning with a Question Word
Асуух үгээр эхэлсэн нэр өгүүлбэр
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Question word (who, what, where, when, why, how) + subject + verb. No auxiliary/do, statement order. Embedded in sentence as noun.
Асуух үг (who, what, where, when, why, how) + өгүүлэхүүн + үйл. Туслах/do байхгүй, илэрхийллийн дараалал. Өгүүлбэрт нэр шиг оруулна.
Form / Бүтэц
Question word + sub + verb
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Where he lives (clause)
What she said (object)
When they arrive (time)
Why he left (reason)
How it works (manner)
Who came (subject)
What time it is (object)
Whose book it is (possession)
How many came (quantity)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
No question form in clause
Өгүүлбэрт асуултын хэлбэр байхгүй
Question word connects
Асуух үг холбоно
Various functions
Өөр өөр үүрэг
Tense match main
Үндсэнтэй цаг тохирно
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
when (time)
when (цаг)
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Where does he live I don't know.
Where he lives
Where he lives
✓ I don't know where he lives.
Statement order
Илэрхийллийн дараалал
What did she say?
What she said (clause)
What she said (өгүүлбэр)
✓ Tell me what she said.
No auxiliary
Туслах байхгүй
The answer is when will he come.
When he comes
When he comes
✓ The answer is when he comes.
Present future
Одоо ирээдүй
How he does it is a mystery.
How he does it
How he does it
✓ How he does it is a mystery.
Correct, but ensure order
Зөв, гэхдээ дараалал батал
Noun Clauses Beginning with Whether or If
Whether эсвэл If-ээр эхэлсэн нэр өгүүлбэр
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Yes/no questions become clauses with whether/if + statement order. Whether more formal, or possible. If informal spoken. Yes/no meaning.
Yes/no асуулт whether/if + илэрхийллийн дарааллаар өгүүлбэр болно. Whether илүү албан, or боломжтой. If албан бус яриа. Yes/no утга.
Form / Бүтэц
Whether/If + sub + verb
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Whether he comes (clause)
If she knows (object)
Whether or not it's true (or not)
If it's raining or not (spoken)
I wonder whether he left (formal)
Tell me if you need help (informal)
Whether they agree (subject)
I don't know if it's correct (object)
The question is whether to go (infinitive possible)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Whether/if interchangeable
Whether/if сольж болно
Or not with whether
Or not whether-тэй
Statement verb order
Илэрхийллийн үйл дараалал
Embedded no ?
Оруулсан ? bayhgui
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
N/A
Х/А
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Whether does he come.
He comes
He comes
✓ Whether he comes.
No auxiliary
Туслах bayhgui
If he knows or no.
Or not
Or not
✓ If he knows or not.
Or not end
Or not төгсгөл
I wonder if he know.
Knows
Knows
✓ I wonder if he knows.
Agreement
Тохирол
Whether it's true?
No ?
No ?
✓ Whether it's true.
Clause no question mark
Өгүүлбэр асуултын тэмдэг bayhgui
Question Words Followed by Infinitives
Асуух үг дагасан инфинитив
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Question word + infinitive shorthand for should/could (what to do = what I should do). Common what/when/where/how/who + to + base. Not why (use whether).
Асуух үг + инфинитив should/could-ийн богино (what to do = what I should do). Түгээмэл what/when/where/how/who + to + үндсэн. Why биш (whether хэрэглэнэ).
Form / Бүтэц
Question word + to + base
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
What to do (what should do)
When to leave (when to leave)
Where to go (where go)
How to make (how make)
Who to ask (who ask)
I know what to say
Tell me where to meet
He learned how to ride
Decide when to start
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Equals modal advice
Модал зөвлөмжтэй тэнцүү
Common decisions
Шийдвэрт түгээмэл
No why to
Why to bayhgui
Embedded in sentence
Өгүүлбэрт оруулна
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
when to (time)
when to (цаг)
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
What to does.
Do
Do
✓ What to do.
Infinitive base
Инфинитив үндсэн
Why to go.
Whether to go
Whether to go
✓ Whether to go.
No why infinitive
Why инфинитив bayhgui
I know what doing.
To do
To do
✓ I know what to do.
To + base
To + үндсэн
How he to make.
How to make
How to make
✓ How to make.
No subject
Өгүүлэхүүн bayhgui
Noun Clauses Beginning with That
That-ээр эхэлсэн нэр өгүүлбэр
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
That + statement clause. That omitted spoken object (I think it's true = I think that it's true). Required subject (That it's true is clear). Express belief/fact.
That + илэрхийллийн өгүүлбэр. That тусагдахуунд ярианд орхигдно (I think it's true = I think that it's true). Өгүүлэхүүнд шаардлагатай (That it's true is clear). Итгэл/баримтыг илэрхийлнэ.
Form / Бүтэц
(That) + sub + verb
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
That it's cold (clause)
I believe that (object omitted)
That he left is surprising (subject)
The fact that it's true (appositive)
I know that she comes
That the earth is round (fact)
We hope that you visit
It's true that he won
The idea that it's easy (noun)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Omit that object spoken
That тусагдахуунд ярианд орхино
Keep that subject/formal
That өгүүлэхүүн/албанд хадгална
After fact/idea noun
Fact/idea нэр дараа
Mental verbs common
Сэтгэцийн үйл түгээмэл
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
N/A
Х/А
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
I think that is true.
It's true
It's true
✓ I think that it's true.
Full clause
Бүрэн өгүүлбэр
That he comes, I know.
I know that he comes
I know that he comes
✓ I know that he comes.
Object position
Тусагдахуун байр
The fact is true.
That it's true
That it's true
✓ The fact that it's true.
Clause after fact
Fact дараа өгүүлбэр
I believe it's true (formal).
That optional but keep formal
That сонголттой ч албанд хадгал
✓ I believe that it's true.
Include that formal
Албанд that оруулна
Quoted Speech
Шууд хэлэх
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Quoted speech exact words in quotes, comma after reporting verb (said, Hello.). Question ? inside quotes. Capital first word. Reporting verbs said, asked, told.
Шууд хэлэх яг үгийг хашилтад, илтгэх үйл дараа таслал (said, Hello.). Асуулт ? хашилт дотор. Эхний үг том үсэг. Илтгэх үйл said, asked, told.
Form / Бүтэц
Reporting verb + , Quoted speech.
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
He said, Hello.
She asked, How are you?
I told him, Go home.
It's cold, she said.
Where? he asked.
They exclaimed, Wow!
Yes, I replied.
No, she answered.
Help, he shouted.
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Exact words
Яг үг
Punctuation inside quotes
Цэг тэмдэг хашилт дотор
Reporting verb before/after
Илтгэх үйл өмнө/дараа
Told + object
Told + тусагдахуун
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
N/A
Х/А
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
He said Hello.
, Hello.
, Hello.
✓ He said, Hello.
Comma before quote
Хашилтаас өмнө таслал
how are you? she asked.
How
How
✓ How are you? she asked.
Capital first
Эхний том
I said him Go.
Told him
Told him
✓ I told him, Go..
Told + object
Told + тусагдахуун
It's cold She said.
, she
, she
✓ It's cold, she said.
Comma inside
Таслал дотор
Reported Speech: Verb Forms in Noun Clauses
Дам хэлэх: Нэр өгүүлбэрт үйл үгийн хэлбэр
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Reported speech indirect, tense backshift if reporting past (said he was). No backshift if general truth or reporting present. Modals change (can to could). Say/tell reporting verbs.
Дам хэлэх шууд бус, илтгэх өнгөрсөн бол цаг ухарна (said he was). Ерөнхий үнэн эсвэл илтгэх одоо бол ухралтгүй. Модал өөрчлөнө (can to could). Say/tell илтгэх үйл.
Form / Бүтэц
Reporting verb (past) + clause with backshift
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
He said he was tired (backshift)
She told me she liked it (tell + obj)
I am happy → He said he was happy
Will go → She said she would go
Can help → He said he could help
The earth is round → He said the earth is round (truth no shift)
She says she is coming (present reporting no shift)
Must leave → He said he had to leave
May rain → She said it might rain
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Backshift reporting past
Илтгэх өнгөрсөн бол ухралт
No shift truths/present reporting
Үнэн/одоо илтгэх ухралтгүй
Modals specific changes
Модал тодорхой өөрчлөлт
Tell + object
Tell + тусагдахуун
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
said yesterday (past reporting)
өчигдөр said (өнгөрсөн илтгэх)
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
He said he is tired (if past).
Was
Was
✓ He said he was tired.
Backshift present to past
Одоог өнгөрсөн болгох ухралт
She told that she liked.
Told me
Told me
✓ She told me that she liked.
Tell + object
Tell + тусагдахуун
He says he was happy (current).
Is
Is
✓ He says he is happy.
No backshift present reporting
Одоо илтгэх ухралтгүй
The earth was round, he said.
Is
Is
✓ The earth is round, he said.
Truth no shift
Үнэн ухралтгүй
Using -Ever Words
-Ever үгийг хэрэглэх
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
-ever words (whoever, whatever, whenever, wherever, however, whichever) mean any/every + thing/time/place/way/one. Used in noun clauses for indefinite.
-ever үг (whoever, whatever, whenever, wherever, however, whichever) any/every + зүйл/цаг/газар/арга/нэг гэсэн утгатай. Тодорхойгүйд нэр өгүүлбэрт хэрэглэнэ.
Form / Бүтэц
-ever word + clause
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Whoever comes (anyone who)
Whatever you want (anything)
Whenever it's ready (any time)
Wherever you go (any place)
However he does (any way)
Whichever you choose (any one)
Give to whoever asks
Do whatever is needed
Come whenever free
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Indefinite any/every
Тодорхойгүй any/every
Concessive also (no matter)
Буулт ч (no matter)
Noun clause function
Нэр өгүүлбэрийн үүрэг
Spoken whatever casual
Whatever албан бус яриа
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
whenever (any time)
whenever (ямар ч цаг)
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Who ever comes.
Whoever
Whoever
✓ Whoever comes.
One word
Нэг үг
What ever you want.
Whatever
Whatever
✓ Whatever you want.
Combined
Нэгтгэсэн
Whenever he do.
Does
Does
✓ Whenever he does.
Agreement
Тохирол
Whichever is it.
It is
It is
✓ Whichever it is.
Clause order
Өгүүлбэрийн дараалал
Key Terminology
Үндсэн нэр томьёо
Noun Clause
Нэр өгүүлбэр
Dependent clause functioning as noun
Нэр шиг үүрэгтэй хамааралтай өгүүлбэр
What he said
Question Word
Асуух үг
Wh- words introducing clauses
Өгүүлбэр танилцуулах wh- үг
Where, when
Reported Speech
Дам хэлэх
Indirect quoting with tense shift
Цагийн шилжилттэй шууд бус ишлэл
He said he was tired
Backshift
Ухралт
Tense change in reported speech
Дам хэлэхэд цагийн өөрчлөлт
Am to was
Quoted Speech
Шууд хэлэх
Direct exact words in quotes
Хашилтад яг үг шууд
Hello, he said
-Ever Word
-Ever үг
Indefinite compound wh- words
Тодорхойгүй нийлмэл wh- үг
Whoever
Key Points to Remember
Санах ёстой гол санамж
These are the most important concepts from this chapter:
Энэ бүлгийн хамгийн чухал ойлголтууд:
Form various noun clauses
Өөр өөр нэр өгүүлбэр бүрдүүлэх
Maintain statement order in clauses
Өгүүлбэрт илэрхийллийн дарааллыг хадгалах
Convert quoted to reported speech
Шуудыг дам хэлэх болгох
Apply backshift rules appropriately
Ухралтын дүрмийг тохиромжтой хэрэглэх
Use infinitives and -ever words in clauses
Өгүүлбэрт инфинитив ба -ever үгийг хэрэглэх
Embed clauses as subjects/objects
Өгүүлбэрийг өгүүлэхүүн/тусагдахуун болгон оруулах
💡 Review these points regularly to master this chapter!
Энэ бүлгийг эзэмшихийн тулд эдгээр санамжийг байнга давтаарай!
Chapter Summary
Бүлгийн дүгнэлт
Chapter 12 detailed noun clauses, from introductions with question words and 'that' to reported speech tense shifts and -ever structures. You learned to embed clauses correctly, transforming questions and quotes, for complex sentence building, leading to adjective clauses in Chapter 13.
Бүлэг 12-д нэр өгүүлбэрийг нарийвчилж, асуух үг ба 'that'-тай танилцуулгаас дам хэлэх цагийн шилжилт, -ever бүтэц хүртэл. Өгүүлбэрийг зөв оруулж, асуулт ба ишлэлийг өөрчилж, нарийн өгүүлбэр бүтээхийг сурч, 13-р бүлгийн адилтгах өгүүлбэр руу хүргэнэ.
Congratulations on Completing This Chapter!
Та энэ бүлгийг дуусгасандаа баяр хүргэе!
Continue practicing what you learned and move on to the next chapter when you're ready.
Сурсан зүйлээ үргэлжлүүлэн дадлагажуулаад бэлэн болсон үедээ дараагийн бүлэг рүү шилжээрэй.
Chapter 12 of 20
Бүлэг 12 / 20
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