Adjective Clauses
Адилтгах өгүүлбэрүүд
This chapter delves into adjective clauses (relative clauses), their formation using pronouns as subjects or objects, prepositions, 'whose', 'where', 'when', modifying pronouns, punctuation for essential/nonessential, quantity expressions, 'which' for sentences, and reduction to phrases. It provides rules for combining sentences, restricting vs. non-restricting clauses, and common usages to enhance descriptive writing and speaking.
Энэ бүлэг адилтгах өгүүлбэр (харьцангуй өгүүлбэр)-ийг гүнзгий судалж, өгүүлэхүүн эсвэл тусагдахуун шиг төлөөний үг хэрэглэсэн бүрдэлт, угтвар, 'whose', 'where', 'when', төлөөний үгийг өөрчлөх, шаардлагатай/шаардлагагүйд цэг тэмдэг, тооны илэрхийлэл, 'which'-ээр өгүүлбэр өөрчлөх, хэллэг болгон багасгахыг хамрана. Өгүүлбэр нэгтгэх дүрэм, хязгаарлах vs. хязгаарлахгүй өгүүлбэр, түгээмэл хэрэглээг өгч, тодорхойлох бичих ярихыг сайжруулна.
Learning Objectives
Сургалтын зорилгууд
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
Энэ бүлгийг судалсны дараа та дараах зүйлсийг хийх боломжтой болно:
Form adjective clauses with subject relative pronouns
Өгүүлэхүүн харьцангуй төлөөний үгтэй адилтгах өгүүлбэр бүрдүүлэх
Use object relative pronouns and omit when possible
Тусагдахуун харьцангуй төлөөний үг хэрэглэж, боломжтой бол орхино
Place prepositions correctly in clauses
Өгүүлбэрт угтварыг зөв байрлуулах
Employ 'whose' for possession in clauses
Өгүүлбэрт эзэмшилд 'whose'-г хэрэглэх
Incorporate 'where' and 'when' in place/time clauses
Газар/цаг өгүүлбэрт 'where' ба 'when'-г оруулах
Modify indefinite pronouns with clauses
Тодорхойгүй төлөөний үгийг өгүүлбэрээр өөрчлөх
Punctuate essential and nonessential clauses
Шаардлагатай ба шаардлагагүй өгүүлбэрийг цэг тэмдгээр тэмдэглэх
Use quantity expressions and 'which' in clauses
Өгүүлбэрт тооны илэрхийлэл ба 'which'-г хэрэглэх
Reduce adjective clauses to phrases
Адилтгах өгүүлбэрийг хэллэг болгон багасгах
Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Subject
Адилтгах өгүүлбэрийн өгүүлэхүүн шиг харьцангуй төлөөний үгс
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Who/that for people subject, which/that for things. Clause follows noun it modifies. Essential no comma.
Хүн өгүүлэхүүнд who/that, зүйлөд which/that. Өгүүлбэр өөрчлөх нэрээ дагана. Шаардлагатай таслалгүй.
Form / Бүтэц
Noun + who/which/that + verb
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
The nomad who rides is skilled (who subject)
The horse that runs is fast (that subject)
The festival which starts is Naadam (which subject)
People who celebrate are happy (who)
The ger that stands is traditional (that)
The eagle which hunts is powerful (which)
The person that helps is kind (that people)
The book who tells (wrong, which)
The man which lives (wrong, who)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Who people, which things
Who хүн, which зүйл
That both
That хоёулаа
No comma essential
Шаардлагатай таслал байхгүй
Follows noun
Нэрийг дагана
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
N/A
Х/А
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
The nomad which rides.
Who/that
Who/that
✓ The nomad who rides.
People who
Хүнд who
The horse who runs.
Which/that
Which/that
✓ The horse which runs.
Things which
Зүйлд which
The festival, that starts.
No comma essential
Шаардлагатай таслал байхгүй
✓ The festival that starts.
Restricting no comma
Хязгаарлах таслал байхгүй
People that celebrate (formal).
Who
Who
✓ People who celebrate.
Prefer who people
Хүнд who илүүд үзнэ
Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Object of a Verb
Адилтгах өгүүлбэрийн үйл үгийн тусагдахуун шиг харьцангуй төлөөний үгс
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Whom/who/that for people object, which/that for things. Omit pronoun if object (the horse I ride). Formal whom people object.
Хүн тусагдахуунд whom/who/that, зүйлд which/that. Тусагдахуун бол төлөөний үгийг орхиж болно (the horse I ride). Албан хүн тусагдахуунд whom.
Form / Бүтэц
Noun + (who(m)/which/that) + sub + verb
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
The horse that I ride (that object)
The nomad who I met (who object)
The festival which we attended (which object)
The man whom she loves (formal whom)
The book that he read (omit possible)
The eagle I saw (omitted pronoun)
The ger which they built (which)
People who(m) you know (people object)
The place that we visited (that)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Omit common spoken
Ярианд орхино түгээмэл
Whom formal written
Whom албан бичиг
That/who/which interchangeable often
That/who/which ихэвчлэн сольж болно
No comma essential
Шаардлагатай таслал байхгүй
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
N/A
Х/А
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
The horse which I ride (people? no horse thing).
Which/that
Which/that
✓ The horse which I ride.
Things which
Зүйлд which
The nomad which I met.
Who/that
Who/that
✓ The nomad who I met.
People who
Хүнд who
The man who I know (formal).
Whom
Whom
✓ The man whom I know.
Formal object whom
Албан тусагдахуун whom
The book that he read it.
No it
No it
✓ The book that he read.
No double object
Давхар тусагдахуун bayhgui
Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Object of a Preposition
Адилтгах өгүүлбэрийн угтварын тусагдахуун шиг харьцангуй төлөөний үгс
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Prep + whom/which/that (formal prep before, informal after or omit). People whom/that/who (who informal), things which/that. Omit if not subject.
Угтвар + whom/which/that (албан угтвар өмнө, албан бус дараа эсвэл орхино). Хүн whom/that/who (who албан бус), зүйл which/that. Өгүүлэхүүн биш бол орхино.
Form / Бүтэц
Noun + prep + whom/which or noun + whom/which + sub + verb + prep
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
The nomad to whom I spoke (formal)
The nomad who I spoke to (informal)
The horse on which he rides (formal)
The horse that he rides on (informal)
The festival about which we talked (formal)
The festival we talked about (omitted)
The man with whom she lives (formal)
The man she lives with (informal)
The ger in which they stay (formal)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Formal prep before pronoun
Албан угтвар төлөөний үг өмнө
Informal prep end, omit pronoun
Албан бус угтвар төгсгөл, төлөөний үг орхино
Whom people formal, who informal
Whom хүн албан, who албан бус
Which things formal
Which зүйл албан
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
N/A
Х/А
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
The nomad to who I spoke.
Whom
Whom
✓ The nomad to whom I spoke.
Formal whom
Албан whom
The horse on who he rides.
Which/that
Which/that
✓ The horse on which he rides.
Things which
Зүйлд which
The festival about that we talked.
Which
Which
✓ The festival about which we talked.
Formal which
Албан which
The man with I live.
With whom
With whom
✓ The man with whom I live.
Prep + pronoun
Угтвар + төлөөний үг
Using Whose
Whose-г хэрэглэх
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Whose + noun possession in clause (the nomad whose horse runs). Replaces possessive adjective. No omit. For people/things.
Whose + нэр өгүүлбэрт эзэмшил (the nomad whose horse runs). Эзэмшил адилтгахыг орлоно. Орхиж болохгүй. Хүн/зүйлд.
Form / Бүтэц
Noun + whose + noun + verb
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
The nomad whose horse wins (possession)
The family whose ger is big (people)
The festival whose date is July (thing)
The man whose idea it was (possession)
The horse whose owner is Bataar
The book whose author is famous
The child whose parents travel
The country whose capital is Ulaanbaatar
The eagle whose wings are wide
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Possession like 's
's шиг эзэмшил
No comma if essential
Шаардлагатай бол таслал bayhgui
People/animals/things
Хүн/амьтан/зүйл
Formal of which things
Зүйлд албан of which
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
N/A
Х/А
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
The nomad horse wins.
Whose horse
Whose horse
✓ The nomad whose horse wins.
Whose possession
Whose эзэмшил
The family who ger is big.
Whose ger
Whose ger
✓ The family whose ger is big.
Whose + noun
Whose + нэр
The book author is famous.
Whose author
Whose author
✓ The book whose author is famous.
Clause whose
Өгүүлбэр whose
The man idea it was.
Whose idea
Whose idea
✓ The man whose idea it was.
Possessive clause
Эзэмшил өгүүлбэр
Using Where in Adjective Clauses
Адилтгах өгүүлбэрт Where-г хэрэглэх
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Where place in clause (the steppe where nomads live). Replaces preposition + which (in which). Specific place.
Where өгүүлбэрт газар (the steppe where nomads live). Угтвар + which-г орлоно (in which). Тодорхой газар.
Form / Бүтэц
Noun (place) + where + clause
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
The steppe where they roam
The ger where I sleep
The festival where we meet
The mountain where eagles fly
The river where we fish
The city where he works
The place where it happened
The home where I grew up
The desert where camels live
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Place noun + where
Газар нэр + where
Equals in/on/at which
In/on/at which-тэй тэнцүү
No omit where
Where орхиж болохгүй
Specific location
Тодорхой байршил
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
N/A
Х/А
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
The steppe which they roam in.
Where
Where
✓ The steppe where they roam.
Where place
Where газар
The ger in where I sleep.
Where
Where
✓ The ger where I sleep.
No prep before where
Where өмнө угтвар bayhgui
The festival that we meet there.
Where
Where
✓ The festival where we meet.
Where replaces there
Where there-г орлоно
The place when it happened.
Where
Where
✓ The place where it happened.
Place where, time when
Газар where, цаг when
Using When in Adjective Clauses
Адилтгах өгүүлбэрт When-г хэрэглэх
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
When time in clause (the day when Naadam starts). Replaces preposition + which (on which). Specific time.
When өгүүлбэрт цаг (the day when Naadam starts). Угтвар + which-г орлоно (on which). Тодорхой цаг.
Form / Бүтэц
Noun (time) + when + clause
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
The day when we meet
The time when eagles fly
The year when I was born
The moment when it starts
The season when nomads migrate
The hour when he arrives
The week when festival happens
The month when it's cold
The era when Mongols ruled
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Time noun + when
Цаг нэр + when
Equals in/on/at which
In/on/at which-тэй тэнцүү
No omit when
When орхиж болохгүй
Specific time period
Тодорхой цаг үе
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
the day when
the day when
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
The day which we meet on.
When
When
✓ The day when we meet.
When time
When цаг
The time on when it starts.
When
When
✓ The time when it starts.
No prep before when
When өмнө угтвар bayhgui
The year that I was born then.
When
When
✓ The year when I was born.
When replaces then
When then-г орлоно
The place when we met.
Where
Where
✓ The place where we met.
Place where, time when
Газар where, цаг when
Using Adjective Clauses to Modify Pronouns
Адилтгах өгүүлбэрээр төлөөний үгийг өөрчлөх
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Clauses modify indefinite pronouns (something that is), formal it/there is (it is the weather that). Avoid personal pronouns (he who). Common something/anything/everything.
Өгүүлбэр тодорхойгүй төлөөний үгийг өөрчилнө (something that is), албан it/there is (it is the weather that). Хувийн төлөөний үгээс зайлсхий (he who). Түгээмэл something/anything/everything.
Form / Бүтэц
Pronoun + clause
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Something that is important
Anything that helps
Everything that matters
Nothing that works
It is the festival that starts
There is the horse that wins
Someone who knows
Anybody that can help
It was the day that changed everything
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Indefinite common
Тодорхойгүй түгээмэл
Formal it is ... that emphasis
Албан it is ... that онцгол
Avoid he who formal/old
He who албан/хуучин зайлсхий
That preferred
That илүүд үзнэ
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
N/A
Х/А
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
He who rides wins.
The one who
The one who
✓ The one who rides wins.
Avoid he who
He who зайлсхий
Something who is important.
That
That
✓ Something that is important.
Things that
Зүйлд that
It is the weather who is cold.
That
That
✓ It is the weather that is cold.
That for it is
It is-д that
Everything which you need.
That
That
✓ Everything that you need.
Prefer that
That илүүд үзнэ
Punctuating Adjective Clauses
Адилтгах өгүүлбэрийг цэг тэмдгээр тэмдэглэх
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Essential (restricting) no comma (the horse that wins is mine). Nonessential (non-restricting) comma (My horse, which wins, is fast). Essential who/that/omit, nonessential who/which.
Шаардлагатай (хязгаарлах) таслалгүй (the horse that wins is mine). Шаардлагагүй (хязгаарлахгүй) таслал (My horse, which wins, is fast). Шаардлагатай who/that/орхино, шаардлагагүй who/which.
Form / Бүтэц
Essential: no comma; Nonessential: comma
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
The horse that wins is mine (essential)
My horse, which is fast, wins (nonessential)
People who live in gers are nomads (essential)
Nomads, who are free, live in gers (nonessential)
The festival that is Naadam is big (essential)
Naadam, which is a festival, is big (nonessential)
The man who I met is kind (essential)
Bataar, whom I met, is kind (nonessential)
The book that I read is good (essential)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Essential defines, no comma
Шаардлагатай тодорхойлно, таслал bayhgui
Nonessential adds info, comma
Шаардлагагүй мэдээ нэмнэ, таслал
Who/which nonessential, that essential
Who/which шаардлагагүй, that шаардлагатай
Proper name nonessential
Зохистой нэр шаардлагагүй
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
N/A
Х/А
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
My horse that is fast wins.
Which, comma
Which, таслал
✓ My horse, which is fast, wins.
Nonessential comma
Шаардлагагүй таслал
The horse, which wins, is mine.
No comma that
Таслалгүй that
✓ The horse that wins is mine.
Essential no comma
Шаардлагатай таслал bayhgui
People, who live in gers, are nomads.
No comma
Таслал bayhgui
✓ People who live in gers are nomads.
Essential
Шаардлагатай
Nomads who are free live in gers.
Comma who
Таслал who
✓ Nomads, who are free, live in gers.
Nonessential
Шаардлагагүй
Using Expressions of Quantity in Adjective Clauses
Адилтгах өгүүлбэрт тооны илэрхийлэлийг хэрэглэх
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Quantity + of + whom/which/that (many of whom). Verb agrees with quantity (many are). Common many/some/all/few of.
Тоо + of + whom/which/that (many of whom). Үйл тоотой тохирно (many are). Түгээмэл many/some/all/few of.
Form / Бүтэц
Quantity + of + whom/which/that + clause
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
Many of whom are nomads (people)
Some of which are old (things)
All of whom attend (all plural)
Few of which remain (few plural)
One of whom wins (one singular)
Most of which are beautiful (most plural)
None of whom came (none plural/singular)
Half of which is desert (half singular)
Several of whom know (several plural)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Of + pronoun
Of + төлөөний үг
Verb with quantity
Үйл тоотой тохирно
Whom people, which things
Whom хүн, which зүйл
Nonessential comma often
Шаардлагагүй таслал ихэвчлэн
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
N/A
Х/А
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
Many of which are nomads (people).
Whom
Whom
✓ Many of whom are nomads.
People whom
Хүнд whom
Some of whom is old (things).
Which are
Which are
✓ Some of which are old.
Things which, verb plural
Зүйлд which, үйл олон
One of whom are kind.
Is
Is
✓ One of whom is kind.
One singular
One ганц
All of which is remaining.
Are
Are
✓ All of which are remaining.
All plural
All олон
Using Which to Modify a Whole Sentence
Өгүүлбэрийг бүхлээр өөрчлөхөд Which-г хэрэглэх
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Which refers to previous sentence (He won, which surprised us). Nonessential, comma. Comment on previous.
Which өмнөх өгүүлбэрт лавлана (He won, which surprised us). Шаардлагагүй, таслал. Өмнөхийг тайлбарлана.
Form / Бүтэц
, which + clause
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
He won, which was surprising
It rained, which canceled the festival
She left, which upset him
They migrated, which is traditional
The eagle flew, which was beautiful
He helped, which I appreciated
It broke, which cost money
We celebrated, which was fun
The wind blew, which cooled us
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
After comma
Таслал дараа
Comment/result
Тайлбар/үр дүн
Nonessential
Шаардлагагүй
Which not who/that
Which not who/that
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
N/A
Х/А
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
He won which was surprising.
, which
, which
✓ He won, which was surprising.
Comma
Таслал
He won, that surprised us.
Which
Which
✓ He won, which surprised us.
Which sentence
Өгүүлбэр which
She left which upset him.
, which
, which
✓ She left, which upset him.
Nonessential comma
Шаардлагагүй таслал
The rain fell, who canceled the event.
Which
Which
✓ The rain fell, which canceled the event.
Not who
Who bi not
Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases
Адилтгах өгүүлбэрийг адилтгах хэллэг болгон багасгах
Grammar Rule / Дүрмийн тайлбар
Reduce if same subject: omit pronoun + be (the horse that is running → the horse running). With be keep, without be participle (who arrived → arriving). Only reducing form.
Адил өгүүлэхүүн бол багасга: төлөөний үг + be орхино (the horse that is running → the horse running). Be-тэй хадгал, beгүй оролцох (who arrived → arriving). Зөвхөн багасгах хэлбэр.
Form / Бүтэц
Noun + phrase ( -ing/-ed)
Examples / Жишээ өгүүлбэрүүд
The horse running fast (from that is running)
The nomad tired from ride (from who is tired)
The ger built last year (from that was built)
People living in steppes (from who live)
The festival starting soon (from which is starting)
The eagle flying high (from that is flying)
Books read by many (from that are read)
The man arriving now (from who is arriving)
The food eaten quickly (from that was eaten)
Usage Notes / Хэрэглээний тэмдэглэл
Same subject reduce
Адил өгүүлэхүүн багасга
No reduce different subject
Өөр өгүүлэхүүн багасгахгүй
Phrase shorter
Хэллэг богино
Essential/nonessential same punctuation
Шаардлагатай/гүй адил цэг тэмдэг
Common Time Expressions / Цагийн илэрхийлэлүүд
N/A
Х/А
Common Errors / Түгээмэл алдаанууд
The horse is running fast (reduce).
Running
Running
✓ The horse running fast.
Omit is
Is орхино
The nomad who tired.
Tired (omit who)
Tired (who орхино)
✓ The nomad tired.
Omit pronoun
Төлөөний үг орхино
Books that read by many.
Read (are omitted)
Read (are орхигдсон)
✓ Books read by many.
Reduce be
Be багасга
The man arrives now (reduce).
Arriving
Arriving
✓ The man arriving now.
-ing no be
-ing be bayhgui
Key Terminology
Үндсэн нэр томьёо
Adjective Clause
Адилтгах өгүүлбэр
Dependent clause modifying noun
Нэрийг өөрчлөх хамааралтай өгүүлбэр
The horse that runs
Relative Pronoun
Харьцангуй төлөөний үг
Who/which/that introducing clause
Өгүүлбэр танилцуулах who/which/that
Who rides
Essential Clause
Шаардлагатай өгүүлбэр
Restricting info, no comma
Мэдээ хязгаарлах, таслал bayhgui
Horse that wins
Nonessential Clause
Шаардлагагүй өгүүлбэр
Additional info, comma
Нэмэлт мэдээ, таслал
My horse, which wins
Adjective Phrase
Адилтгах хэллэг
Reduced clause
Багассан өгүүлбэр
Horse running
Key Points to Remember
Санах ёстой гол санамж
These are the most important concepts from this chapter:
Энэ бүлгийн хамгийн чухал ойлголтууд:
Form clauses with relative pronouns
Харьцангуй төлөөний үгтэй өгүүлбэр бүрдүүлэх
Handle object pronouns and omissions
Тусагдахуун төлөөний үг ба орхиолтыг шийдэх
Use prepositions and 'whose' correctly
Угтвар ба 'whose'-г зөв хэрэглэх
Incorporate 'where' and 'when' for place/time
Газар/цагт 'where' ба 'when'-г оруулах
Modify pronouns and whole sentences
Төлөөний үг ба бүх өгүүлбэрийг өөрчлөх
Punctuate based on essential/nonessential
Шаардлагатай/гүйгээр цэг тэмдэглэх
Reduce clauses to phrases
Өгүүлбэрийг хэллэг болгон багасгах
💡 Review these points regularly to master this chapter!
Энэ бүлгийг эзэмшихийн тулд эдгээр санамжийг байнга давтаарай!
Chapter Summary
Бүлгийн дүгнэлт
Chapter 13 covered adjective clauses comprehensively, from pronoun uses as subjects/objects/prepositions to 'whose', 'where', 'when', modifying pronouns/sentences, punctuation, quantity, and reductions. You learned to enhance sentences descriptively, preparing for gerunds/infinitives in Chapter 14.
Бүлэг 13-д адилтгах өгүүлбэрийг цогцоор хамарч, өгүүлэхүүн/тусагдахуун/угтвар шиг төлөөний үгээс 'whose', 'where', 'when', төлөөний үг/өгүүлбэр өөрчлөх, цэг тэмдэг, тоо, багасгал хүртэл. Тодорхойлох өгүүлбэрийг сайжруулахыг сурч, 14-р бүлгийн герунд/инфинитивт бэлтгэлээ.
Congratulations on Completing This Chapter!
Та энэ бүлгийг дуусгасандаа баяр хүргэе!
Continue practicing what you learned and move on to the next chapter when you're ready.
Сурсан зүйлээ үргэлжлүүлэн дадлагажуулаад бэлэн болсон үедээ дараагийн бүлэг рүү шилжээрэй.
Chapter 13 of 20
Бүлэг 13 / 20
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